Astronomy fifth assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Stargazing fifth task - Essay Example This view is very dubious and is known as Snowball Earth. Summarize what this hypothesis is and what is a portion of the proof for and against this speculation. Snowball Earth portrays speculation that numerous years the Earth was completely or totally secured with ice that extended from the shafts to tropics. The freezing occurred in the pre-cambrian, more than 60 years prior. It is believed that there happened a greater amount of worldwide glaciations. They varied in time and stretch yet when an all out snow occasions, life could be connected on ice free asylums or at places where daylight oversaw infiltration through the ice permitting photosynthesis. The rivals of the hypothesis challenge the impact of the proof for the glaciation, the geophysical possibility of the ice and the trouble in getting away from the solidified condition. 5. Do some exploration on the warming in the ice and the defrosting of Arctic permafrost which discharges Methane as a feature of the defrosting procedure. Talk about whether you think we are presently heading towards an atmosphere

Impact of advertising and branding on consumer buying behavior for Dissertation

Effect of publicizing and marking on purchaser purchasing conduct for cars businesses in india - Dissertation Example End 55 5.1 Introductions 55 5.2 Summary of the investigation with emphasisâ on key discoveries: 56 5.3 Implication of discoveries: 56 5.4 Direction for additional exploration references and book index informative supplements 59 Appendix 63 1. Presentation 1.1 Background of the examination: Brand is a one of a kind trait of an item which no other result of an alternate association can't duplicate or produce. It very well may be an image, name, term, plan, shading or different highlights. Brand is an additional worth which client prepared to pay while buying a popular company’s item. Publicizing is a piece of advertising correspondence. Promoting is utilized to control, empower and convince watchers which can be a particular gathering likewise, towards some activity. For the most part the ideal activity is drive buyer conduct towards some business items or administrations, now and again ideological or political promotion likewise done. Businesses regularly use notice to build t he utilization pace of their items and administrations by buyer. This turned out to be extremely simple by marking. For instance when client ponders an advanced mobile phone the primary organization name ring a bell is Apple. That is a direct result of marking. Publicizing can be for the most part two sorts they are ATL and BTL. ATL (Above the line) is mostly the accumulating, flag kinds of OOH (out of home) publicizing including the sound, visual promotion in TV or radio. Promotion in print media is likewise another kind of ATL. BTL (Below the line) notice are those when an organization legitimately including its business power or chain individuals into ads of the item might be alongside deals like giving more motivations to the salespeople expanding commission as indicated by the deal by sales rep (Doraszelski and Markovich, 2007). . Purchaser conduct is the impression of customer disposition or response towards certain items or ads or the associations. Purchaser conduct can be di verse as indicated by certain variables like geographic, psychographic, segment and so forth. Geographic purchaser practices change as indicated by the geographic area of the customer. Like individuals who lives on mountains or high slopes their food propensities or clothing’s is unique in relation to the individuals who lives close to the ocean or sea in some broaden. Individuals who live in cool atmospheres their expectation for everyday comforts and individuals who live in tropical zones their expectations for everyday comforts are very surprising. Segment buyer conduct differs as per the some criteria’s like age, sex, instruction, pay, conjugal status, no. of youngsters and so forth to a specific item extraordinary age bunch individuals respond in an unexpected way. Children are pulled in to brilliant and sweet items, youngsters and youngsters are pulled in to cool and design pattern items and developed individuals pulled in to items which give them long haul admin istrations and furthermore bring additional worth like brand. As per the sexual contrasts decision of the item fluctuates. Young ladies like the shading pink however most young men like blue. As per distinctive instructive foundation enthusiasm of the individuals differs. Like individuals who are from specialized foundation they are for the most part well informed. So when another innovation goes to the market they get pulled in to it. Individuals who originates from expressions and writing foundation they a

Top 5 Browsers Analyzed [Browser Wars]

Top 5 Browsers Analyzed [Browser Wars] Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Top 5 Browsers Analyzed [Browser Wars]Updated On 17/04/2017Author : Vinayak NagriTopic : InternetShort URL : http://hbb.me/2oziBHZ CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogAll the browsers are in a race, every browser wants to topple one other. Browser Wars are going on for many years. There are lots of great browsers in the web right now, the top 5 are :-#5 Opera 1.96% #4 Apple Safari 4.27% #3 Google Chrome 10.06% #2 Mozilla Firefox 31.3% #1 Internet Explorer 51.2%Time period of the above mentioned information is Dec. 9 to Dec. 10. Information acquired from Statcounter Global Stats.  Well, I guess IE has the top position because of Windows. Most of the people in the world use Windows OS and IE is the default browser in it so mostly they use IE. I guess Mozilla Firefox has earned a lot of fans from its last versions and also from the latest version. Thats why it is at the second spot. Google Chrome has been an all time favorite browser for me since it has launched. I have used Google Chrome the most. Safari and Opera are nice browsers with some great features in both of them.Personally, I love Google Chrome and I like Opera. I use Google Chrome the most, I thought that I should take a little break from Chrome and try the new version of Opera since it says that it is the fastest browser on earth. I tried Opera and I liked it too but after a few days I switched back to Chrome.READHow to avoid online casino scams?Firefox used to be a favorite of mine before Google Chrome was launched. But I tried to switch back to use Firefox 4 but I really couldnt get used to it even if it has some great features.Internet Explorer 7 and 8 actually didnt impressed me at all but after using Internet Explorer 9, I felt that IE is back with a bang. IE 9 have amazing features. The only bad thing is that it is not available for Windows XP as I mostly use Windows XP.Coming to the conclusion, here are my top 5 browsers.#5 Apple Safari #4 Mozilla Firefox #3 Internet Explorer #2 Opera #1 Google Chrome According to me Google Chrome is the best browser, what do you say? Which browser is your favorite? Did you like this post? Do comment.This guest article is written by Vinayak Nagri. If you wish to write for HBB, kindly check this.

Analysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel - 1778 Words

Who am I? A question uttered by probably every Jewish prisoner during the Holocaust, expressing complete doubt in their individuality. All people ask themselves this question, whether they have fully grasped their personality or not, and during that difficult time, even the things you thought you knew about yourself are challenged. In the memoir, Night, the author Elie Wiesel, presents the story of his own time in Auschwitz during the German Holocaust. Elie, being Jewish, was deported into concentration camps in Hitler’s final solution. He underwent such things as witnessing death for the first time, extreme exhaustion, inhumane treatment, and seeing people change before his eyes. The ever lurking fear of death spurred abnormal behavior. This experience in potentially the most vile death camp, gives example of how Elie’s life was changed forever and how he as a person was changed. However, Elie was not the only one to change. The memoir’s use of characterization , demonstrates how all prisoners had a transformation in their identity due to the horrific experiences they encountered. The first thing noticed after finishing Night is specifically the changes in Elie. Not just in his appearance, but in his personality and actions. Some of the most obvious changes include: his loss of innocence and his loss of faith. The novel begins with Elie at age 13 (1942), still young and naive. Two years later (1944), after being detained, deported, and imprisoned, Elie, even afterShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel945 Words   |  4 PagesElie Wiesel was born in 1928. In his book, Night, which was published in 1955, Wiesel depicts his personal journey through the German concentration camps by the use of his character Eliezer (Sparknotes). At the age of 15, he lives with his family in Sighet, Transylvania (Biography). His father Shlomo is very involved with the community there. Eliezer is deeply engaged in religious studies, being taught by Moshe, an older man in his community who is considered a lunatic by many (Sparknotes). InRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel794 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Night In the book Night by Elie Wiesel there are many instances where his use of imagery helps establish tone and purpose. For example Elie Wiesel used fire (sight) to represent just that. The fire helps prove that the tone is serious and mature. In no way did Wiesel try to lighten up the story about the concentration camps or the Nazis. His use of fire also helps show his purpose. â€Å"Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, that turned my life into one long night seven timesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel1017 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book Night by Elie Wiesel it says â€Å"human suffering anywhere concerns men and women everywhere.† This shows that the world’s problems are everyone’s problems. Everyone has their own responsibilities and when war occurs people tend to take on more responsibility than ever before. The United States is a prime example of making the world’s problems their own. When problems arise people step up and take responsibility. Like in the quote from Elie Wiesel, human suffering really is everyone’s problemRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel1367 Words   |  6 PagesNight is the detailed account of Elie Wiesel’s experiences as a Jew in Germany during the Holocaust. Night is considered a memoir, however, Wiesel uses fictional characters to tell his story. Eliezer acts as Wiesel’s author surrogate, a fictional character based on the author, and narrates the story. Over the course of the text Wiesel exposes the full face of the dehumanization perpetrated against the Jewish people. Through persuasive oration, Hitler was able to manipulate the Germans and justifyRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel : Book Analysis708 Words   |  3 Pagesto continue. Majority of people stopped eating, gave up their religious faiths and hope, welcoming the darkness to embrace them. Surviving was a constant struggle for these people and th e only way to overcome it was the acceptance of death. Night, by Elie Wiesel, is a memoir of the authors firsthand experience in the holocaust from his perspective as a teenage boy. The author includes concerns that individuals have, but never spoken aloud of, such as a home, family relations, and the effect this experienceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel907 Words   |  4 Pages In the book Night written by Elie Wiesel was mainly about how a young boy had to suffer the traumatic experience of existence and fatality at Nazis concentration camps. In the book, Elie Wiesel was the character â€Å"Eliezer Wiesel†. Eliezer was a young boy at the age of fourteen who lived in Sighet, Transylvania. During the lead of World War II, Eliezer was an extremely earnest young boy who desired to examine and practice Jewish theology. He also occasionally spent a great deal of time and passionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel1216 Words   |  5 Pageswhen I first saw the book. The images that they title brought to my mind is someplace where there is no light, no happiness.When you think of night you clearly think of physical darkness but I think night symbolizes a place without God’s presence, somewhere where there s no hope. The emotions that this title brought to my mind is sadness. Sadness because once you are in the dark there is nothing y ou can do but wait. Wait on your destiny. The impression that the picture on the book gave me was very vagueRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel1045 Words   |  5 PagesIn the memoir Night by Elie Wiesel, Elie Wiesel is a young boy who struggles to survive after being forced to live in the brutal concentration camp of Auschwitz. In Auschwitz, death and suffering is rampant, but due to compassionate words and actions from others, Elie is able to withstand these severe living conditions and overcome the risk of death in the unforgiving Auschwitz. As shown through the actions and words of characters in Night, compassion, the sympathetic pity for the suffering or misfortuneRead MoreNight Trilogy By Elie Wiesel1075 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 2 Period 14 10 June 2015 Night Trilogy Criticism Elie Wiesel’s Night Trilogy is comprised of an autobiography about Wiesel’s experience during the Holocaust and the horrific struggle he faced while in concentration camps, and two other stories depicting the rise of Israel and an accident. The acclaimed Holocaust writer is most well-known for Night due to its effect across the globe. Dawn and Day are not autobiographies, yet they have lingering presences of Wiesel in the main characters and narratorsRead More Dawn by Elie Wiesel Essay716 Words   |  3 PagesDawn by Elie Wiesel In this report you will see the comparisons between the novel Dawn and the life of Elie Wiesel, its author. The comparisons are very visible once you learn about Elie Wiesel’s life. Elie Wiesel was born on September28,1928 in the town of Hungary. Wiesel went through a lot of hard times as a youngster. In 1944, Wiesel was deported by the nazis and taken to the concentration camps. His family was sent to the town of Auschwitz. The father, mother, and sister of Wiesel died in

Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal - 958 Words

As of June 26th, 2015, same-sex marriage is legal. The landmark Supreme Court case caused much controversy over the ruling. Many are rejoicing over the freedom to marry whoever they desire, proclaiming a recently popular phrase, â€Å"love wins.† However, there are some who strongly oppose the ruling; many disagree due to opinion and religious beliefs. Some are reluctant to accept this change because they do not like the idea of a sterile marriage where biologically producing children on their own is not an option. Some worry about the impact same-sex marriage will have on the children of same-sex couples. While these concerns are to be considered, same-sex marriage is not a threat to religion, marriage, or children. Many who oppose the legalization of same-sex marriage say their opinion is based on their Christian principles, and the United States of America was founded on Christian values. However, the belief that gay marriage is opposed to the will of the founding fathers is incorrect. While the Founding Fathers had Christian beliefs, they also believed in the separation of church and state. Separatists were those who believed laws should not be guided by one’s religious principles; this was largely due to the religious persecution they faced previously with King George III, whose loyalty to the Church of England largely influenced his political decisions. George Mason drafted the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, making sure to include that â€Å"all men areShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1288 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is not precisely the same as it used to be interpreted. For example, women used to be their husband’s property. Sometime s the women were forced to marry whoever their parents wanted them to marry and most of the time they couldn’t leave the marriage. Nowadays women have more freedom. They can vote, they can run their own business, and they can marry whichever man they want to. The laws change as the people’s mind change. As they get more comfortable with the idea, they become more openRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex relationships relate to when a man or woman are attracted to someone of the same gender of themselves. It is being rejected as same gender marriage denies the obvious purpose between a man and a women which is procreation (Richardson-Self, 2012). Denying same sex couples the legal right to get married, could mean that they are being denied their basic human rights to enjoy human benefits (Richardson-Self, 2012). However, the opposing view is that if gay marriage was granted the legal rightsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1403 Words   |  6 PagesSame-Sex Marriage â€Å"I now pronounce you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At some point in a person’s life, they have heard or will hear those words. What follows, however, has changed somewhat over the years; although, the commitment has remained the same. Those words historically indicate that until the death of a spouse, that couple shall remain together. Who should be able to determine whom that spouse is for that person? Some people judge others for their sexuality and how it is affecting them, but they never stop andRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1144 Words   |  5 PagesGay Marriage There are many issues the revolve around same-sex marriage. Many issues like: Whether same-sex should be legalized and should there be an amendment on same-sex marriage? There are multiple side to view this, but gay marriage but in my opinion gay marriage is socially accepted. it should be legal and it does affect American teens in a broad spectrum of ways. There have been a lot of issues on whether or not same-sex marriage should be legal or not. According to Burns, â€Å" The unionRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal998 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex marriage ought to be legalized on the grounds that it is uncivilized and unmerited. Marriage is a commitment between two people that cherish one another. In almost every country and culture, marriage is a commitment of loyalty and love. Marriage is an authority contract gathering two individuals together, furnishing them with profits of holy matrimony such as tax cuts and clinical privileges. The debate throughout most countries today is whether or not the rights of these profits and commitmentsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1659 Words   |  7 Pages Same-sex couples can hardly remember a time where they were not fighting for their right to marriage in the United States. After several court cases, California Proposition Six, and their struggle against the Defens e of Marriage Act (DOMA), same-sex couples found their way into U.S. society. Many misguided studies appealed to those opposing same-sex marriage, but after several years of integrating in society, same-sex couples found the support they were looking for. Before the Supreme CourtRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal899 Words   |  4 Pages In the United States, same sex marriage became legal nationwide on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court overruled the court in favor of same sex freedom and marriage. The victory of same sex marriage came to be recognized from the Obergefell v. Hodges case which was submitted when an American Ohio man was denied and regretted to get his name on his late husband’s death certificate. Same sex marriage has been a controversial social issue in the United States for several decades. SinceRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1491 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex marriage is one of the most debatable issues in the modern world. Marriage has been accepted as the social union between a man and a woman for the past thousand years. Homosexuality was viewed with scorn, and marriages among same sex couples were prohibited in most cultures across the globe. However, gay relationships are slowly obtaining acceptance, as homosexuals have come to be expressive in fighting their rights to marry in the early 90’s. As homosexuality grows in acceptance in theRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal892 Words   |  4 PagesLove Same sex marriage is now allowed in all states across the country. But it took years and years for this â€Å"issue† to be finally laid to rest. The first state to legalize same-sex marriage was Massachusetts in 2004. There was not a last state to legalize gay marriage. The supreme court realized how many states were now legalizing it, so they just had all of the states left legalize it as well. ProCon.org supplies information that â€Å"Twenty-six states were forced to legalize gay marriage becauseRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal2253 Words   |  10 Pages1776). The recognition of same-sex marriage is an issue influenced by numerous factors, and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships have the right to marriage. Marriage provides many benefits, legally, financially, and personally. Same-sex marriage can open up those in same-sex relationships to tax benefits and financial demands comparable to those afforded to and required of peo ple in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections, such as

The Role Of Women As Portrayed In Classical Mythology Essay

The Greco-Roman society was a very patriarchal society. This is reflected throughout the myths in classical mythology. By looking at the classic mythology we will see that the roles women portrayed are very different than women’s roles in today’s society. Although there are a few similarities to women’s roles in today’s society, their roles are more like those women in the past. We can see this by looking at the attributes of Greco-Roman female gods and looking at the roles women play in the myths. By comparing the roles of women in the myths with women’s roles today we will see that the roles have many differences and few similarities. The first things we will look at to show women’s roles reflected in Classical mythology†¦show more content†¦This is different than today’s society because today gardening is shared among males and females and we know that it is actually the males X or Y chromosome that determine the sex of a child. Aphrodite is another Olympian Deity who helps show the role of women in Greco-Roman society. Aphrodite was the goddess of sexual desire. I think this showed that women in this period used men’s desire to get things they wanted. In one myth Aphrodite got Zeus to change himself into a swan. Now, who’s supposed to be the most powerful god? This is very similar to the role of women in today’s society. Women usually use men’s desires to get them to do what they want them to. The big difference is that in today’s society many women give into the men and share in desire with them before they are married while in the Greco-Roman society very few women had premarital relations. Women who were not virgins were usually never married and sold into slaves by their fathers (Powell 34). Another way to look at the role of women in Greco-Roman society, as reflected in Classical Mythology is to look at women’s roles within myths. Several myths that help explain women’s roles in Greco-Roman society are The Folktale of Pandora, Theseus and Hippolytus, The story of Penelope, and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. All of these myths help to show the roles of women in the Greco-Roman Society. The folktale of Pandora is one myth which helps show the role of women in theShow MoreRelated Equality Between Men and Women in Modern Society vs. Ancient Greek Society625 Words   |  3 PagesIn todays society, women hold a position equal to that of a man. However, this has not always been the case especially in the Ancient Greek society. In the society there were many rules and regulations for all, but in particular the women had it the hardest. Women were seen as insignificant characters in the Ancient Greek society. While the men†¦.women attained the most difficult job of all, bearing children. These women in the society had very little freedom, actually no freedom at all. Can youRead MoreThe Role of Women as Portrayed in Myths1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women in Greco-Roman Society: As Reflected in Classical Mythology The Greco-Roman society was a very patriarchal society. This is reflected throughout the myths in classical mythology. By looking at the classic mythology we will see that the roles women portrayed are very different than womens roles in todays society. Although there are a few similarities to womens roles in todays society, their roles are more like those women in the past. We can see this by looking at the attributesRead MoreGreek Goddess And Greek Women874 Words   |  4 PagesThis review attempts to analyze the Greek goddess Athena as well as Greek women whose function in society contrasts with the roles of a goddess. This topic is of relevance to feminist’s who are smashing down barriers on stereotypes of women, this study attempts to shed some light to recognize the roles of Athena and Greek women. Past research has analyzed the differences between Greek women and Athena on how they contrast with responsibilities. What is often ignored is the complexity of both in dividualsRead MoreClassical Mythology Of The Greek And Roman Societal Views2237 Words   |  9 Pagespeople who have influenced society in some way. Disney’s Hercules incorporates Classical Mythology within a number of scenes and includes a variety of typical mythological themes, yet fails to accurately characterize Hercules and reproduce his role in the Greek and Roman societal views, while neglecting major aspects surrounding his existence in the mythological world. The modern work does make use of Classical Mythology throughout the film. Many Greek characters are shown or referenced at differentRead MoreEssay about Women Of Ancient Greece3209 Words   |  13 PagesThe Women of Greece: A Transition from Ancient Power to Classical Subservience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the most part, women in todays society hold a position equal to that of a man; however, this has not always been the case. Women?s conquest for political and social freedom is a battle that has gone on for centuries. Perhaps the breaking point in women?s liberation was the Womens Movement of the 1900s, which encouraged women all over America to join in the fight for their right to vote. BecauseRead MoreThe Amazons Were A Group Of Warrior Women Who Fought Many Of The Great Greek Heroes1596 Words   |  7 Pagesgroup of warrior women who fought many of the great Greek heroes. They consistently went against what was considered the normal female role and led lives like their male counterparts. Unlike some myths in Greek mythology, the myths that involve the Amazons are spread out over time and often have multiple variations of one myth. Myths involving the Amazons even sometimes have versions of the same myth with different Amazon warriors, making it difficult to understand what Amazon women is associated withRead MoreHercules in Popular Culture1719 Words   |  7 PagesPerthshire (Dingwall). As you can see, he is more than just a myth to these people; he is an influential cultural icon who they looked up to. As great a hero as he was, Hercules was not without flaw. He was also know to have an intense desire for women and wine and was prone to extreme fits of rage (Phillips). One myth which paints Hercules in a bad light comes from his childhood. As a boy, he murders his musical tutor Linus with his own lyre for reprimanding him. In adulthood, he kills his wifeRead MoreTreatment of Women in Ancient Literature Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesWomen are constantly portrayed as tempting men by using their sexual charms. And so women who remained chaste were held in a higher esteem than those who highlighted their sexuality. Walcot writes, â€Å"The Greeks believed women to be incapable of not exercising their sexual charms and that the results were catastrophic, irrespective of whether or not women set out to cause trouble deliberately or acted in a blissful ignorance of what they were doing† (39). In Homeric tales we see the character OdysseusRead MoreA great artist, Eugene Delacro ix, once said, â€Å"What moves men of genius, or rather what inspires2700 Words   |  11 PagesGiorgio Vasari claimed about Botticelli that, â€Å"he loved beyond measure† (Lightbown 17), and that his affections were absorbed by his family and his artwork by mysteries of religion and Greek Mythology. One of the unusual depictions of Botticelli’s early work at the time was that it was all based off mythologies and not religious paintings which must have been a shock to people outside of the Humanist circle. Botticelli’s work is very sophisticated and feminine. Botticelli loved to make his paintingsRead MoreWomen s Art Journey By Depicting Women941 Words   |  4 Pages From ancient times to the present, many artists begin their art journey by depicting women. Although women have been excluded from art history for a few centuries, a closer look at what inspired great male artists shows they were still very much involved. For some of history’s most famo us artists, the lives of women were not simple ones, they were more than muses or wives; they were partners in love, passion and creativity. As Marie-Therese Walter to Picasso, Frida Kahlo to Diego Rivera. Before

Perspectives Of Learning And Development †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Perspectives Of Learning And Development? Answer: Introducaation Socialization is a process, by which an individual gets adapted to the language, knowledge, value and social skills to support the usual role necessary for sustaining in a group or organization. It combines the rules imposed by both internal, external as well as the expectation of others. Socialization refers to the to the method by which a new employee gets accustomed to the new rules and become sensitive to the formal and informal structure of power and the external and internal behavioral rules. The root of socialization was earlier found in the works of Aristotle and Plato (Richter Hurrelmann, 2016). Socialization is important to help the new employees become acquainted with the new culture, environment, colleague, supervisors. If there is any lack of socialization at the primary stage it might result an individual to withdraw from his peers because he is not sure what people of his age want to talk about or like to speak about. Socialization at an early age will be beneficial for children to develop an over-all language, knowledge and social skills. The role of socialization is to make an individual familiar with the norms of his group or society. It is not only important for children but also for adults. Children get to learn what is expected from them by the society when they grow up and become an adult. According to the Aristotelian view of socialization, in society there are two different parties- one takes over the social function and the other observes the same. The concept of socialization lives together with equal breadth and depth. Aristotelian views of socialization pe rtain to the development of social discourse; however, there ought to be certain changes with the effective understanding of contemporary society. Social values and norms keep changing with centuries due to several conceptual changes (Sheridan et al, 2015 ). With the effective understanding of the factors pertaining to the entire understanding of the cases, there has been a popular concept with the effective course of the issues. As a matter of fact, this has been taken in to certain consideration pertaining to the effective chances so as to find out how effective they have been in due course of time. Childcare and development o child psychology undoubtedly depends on the social changes. Socialization is the attempt to let the move in to the mature process of social perception. The progression of culture and society is interconnected with the way an individual socializes. The individual is not alert with the instant solution of the problems and the shared expectations. Socialization prepares a child to become a responsible member of the society. He starts learning how a member of the society can satisfy the basic needs. He is given proper training through formal and informal socialization agencies to correlate his own behavior with others in different kind of situations. Socialization is a very good form of social control applied for the sake of group as well as for personal growth. There are few aims of socialization in sociology. It covers almost everything from the prime disciplines of the society to the complicated scientific rules. It is not desirable in an abnormal and unorganized structure of a society. An individual should understand that he needs to upgrade his behavior with that of the socio- cultural norms of the environment. An individual is internalized by his normal behavior which goes on throughout his life. This internalization becomes so deeply engrossed that most of the individuals do not get digressed by the unfavorable situations for diverg ence. Socialization teaches an individual their specific roles and status in other situations of the society. For instance, students, employees, leaders, employers, followers and teachers play their own different roles. An individual is made to adjust their own behavior in a way so as to bring in the correlation in the society. Moreover, there are other rights, privileges, responsibilities which are associated with every role and thus intensify the social welfare to keep social order in a relatively stable condition. An individual gets to learn many skills from socialization which helps them in leading a better life in the society. They are taught the proper behavior as per different social situation so that they can receive good appreciation and not any negative response from others. It aspires an individual to become a good officer, teacher, mother or father as an effect of socialization. Society spreads its cultural values and gives special orientation like educational, religious and political which enables an individual to lead a proper decent life. Thus, people learn their habits; self- conception, group norms and universe of discourse that make it possible to interact with people of the society and act according to the societal rules. Thus the main goals of socialization include- teaching of impulse control, developing conscience and preparing an individual to act according to the society (Aronfreed, 2013). Socialization has five key agents- family, school, peer group, media and rehabilitation institutions. Family is the first place with whom the child first gets acquainted after taking birth in the world. The primary emotions like love, care, happiness and affection are all provided to the child by his family which forms the basis of how he will grow up to see the world around him. Parents deserve all the credit and blame for their childs success and behavior in life but the proof determines that parents have a large impact. Sometimes a child also ends up resembling their parents not just in looks or appearance but more than that. The ways in which the parents socialize depends upon two important factors, i.e. the social strata of the parents and their own biological sex (Zarakol, 2014). School is where the child is given training about the rights and wrongs, ethical and unethical of the society. The three Rs are involved in the school curriculum- reading, writing and arithmetic. A chi ld interacts daily a large part of their time with his fellow classmates, teachers and other authority figures which develop their interactive skill in the society. The peer group is a crucial juncture of the life, which is influenced by some groups based on some specific characteristics or traits which can be the after effect of their talent, their thirst for knowledge, sport activities, games etc. friends play a very important part in an individuals life especially during his adolescence when he is influenced by his taste in music, clothes, and other aspects of his life. They have a tendency to join the group for these features and this leads in taking extra care for the children by the parents so that these do not affect their personality which might be difficult to give up. The media group has a big influence on the child, on their perspective and by sticking to the media they like to have a role model that grabs their attention such that they would surpass that person. Movies, TV shows, popular music, magazines, websites and other media influence an individuals political views, affinity for popular culture, views on men and women, people of other gender and color and other practices, values and beliefs. Sometimes, out of controversy the mass media is blamed for instigating the youth and imposing violence on them. A child gets badly affected by seeing violence in the movies even before reaching their adulthood. Mass media is also responsible for portraying racial and gender stereotypes. The final agent is religion which is not of prime importance. In recent days, people have less religious beliefs than it was in the earlier generations. The rehabilitation institutions like a prison, training centre for the armed forces, police institutes etc. have an impact on the individual who have stayed in such places. The training and discipline are given to such individuals who were unidentified even after leaving the places. These agents of socialization are essenti al for the human society because they act as the main platform of such an individual personality (Lytton, 2013). The objective of creation has led to the adaptation of children the learning of social discourse. As a matter of fact, this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the basic understanding of the entire case. Social development is highly dependent on various factors: the social, economic, political and humanitarian. According to an article published by the University of Hamburg, the overall development of children is the dependent variable of the social discourses. Investment in high quality education system ought to include the basic perception of the children of overall development process. With the effective chances from the effective understanding of the entire case has to be taken in to certain consideration pertaining to the effective consideration of childcare development. In early childhood during the prevalence of critical and sensible time period, the external environment plays a major role. It has been observed that during childhood a person builds the foundation for social and financial wellbeing for the future life. During each and every developmental stage the avenues are found to create a link between the social surroundings and individual perception (Bardi et al., 2014). It also quantifies the effect of the both in a reciprocal manner. Since reciprocity has the basic criteria with the effective chances in terms of making it a proper understanding with the effective chances, there is a high chance to find out how effective the so cial discourse is in terms of meeting the target of individual development. During the twenty first century many of the countries have undergone a positive change in terms of making it positive criteria with the effective understanding of the people in terms of creating the basic change. The twenty first century has witnessed certain changes in the mode of child development as well as in the mode of child perception. Socialization has always helped an individual study the effective and ongoing changes that somehow put greater impact upon an individual development. The debatable condition of the life has to be taken in to certain consideration with the basic understanding of the entire case. While talking about childcare development, we need to focus on different aspects- biological, psychological and emotional. Socio-cultural motivations play n important role to help a child develop its overall individual condition. The main objective of Child development has been taken in to certain condition pertaining to the effective chances with the development of the entire case as a matter of fact; this has been taken in to certain condition pertaining to the greater effect of the learning of how this would argue the entire understanding of the issues. Professional and individual choice is often conflicted with each other. Different factors are to be taken into account. These are: Effective Parenting The External Environment Race class and Intersecting Identities Social Stereotypes In terms of functional culture there are different varieties of parenting style. As a matter of fact, this has been taken in to certain consideration pertaining to the effective changes in terms of creating the values of argument. Parenting styles play a major role in developing the mental strength of a child. As a matter of fact, this has to be taken in to certain consideration pertaining to the effective chances of the entire case. Since most of the basic understanding has to be taken into certain consideration, there is a need of clear understanding of the issues pertaining to the factorization of the entire case since this has to be taken in to certain consideration with the effective chances of the entire issue. Parenting styles such as authoritative ones while setting certain limits for the children, giving reasonable demands to their wards, expressing warmth and affection to their children and listening to the point of view is under certain practice in American and Australian society (Van Campenhout, 2015). As a matter of fact, it also involves the criteria pertaining to the effective understanding of the entire case. Children are considered to be vulnerable individuals and they are often treated with special care. the act of socialization of children can be categorized in to different segments, these are: Primary Socialization Secondary Socialization Both the acts can be argued on the basis of Sigmund Freuds perception and case analysis of psychosexual stages. The other theories associated with this particular case have been Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development and Margaret Mahlers theory of psychoanalytic development. As a matter of fact, it has the basic understanding of the entire case pertaining to the entire understanding of the issues (Devereux Jackson, 2015). While primary socialization refers to the acceptance of social norms and learning process pertaining to basic social values, it looks into the establishment of social norms and values that constitutes a childs perception of accepting group within the attribute of the individuals. On the contrary, the secondary socialization refers to the process of learning of the appropriateness of behavior of an individual as a part of the society. In this case, the acceptance of members in the greater part of the society has to be taken in to certain consideration. According to Sigmund Freud, different psychosexual stages are somehow responsible for the social development of a child. Having observed aforementioned concepts, it can be stated that socialization needs to be taken in to firm consideration since it decides how a child would be approaching to the society during its fore-coming age. Adolescence being the most intricate stage needs to be molded from very basic level and all the social beings are to be kept responsible for this attempt. Reference: Richter, M., Hurrelmann, K. (2016). Life course influences on health and health inequalities: A socialisation perspective. Zarakol, A. (2014). What made the modern world hang together: socialisation or stigmatisation?.International Theory,6(2), 311-332. Lavoie, J., Leduc, K., Crossman, A. M., Talwar, V. (2016). Do As I Say and Not As I Think: Parent Socialisation of Lie?Telling Behaviour.Children Society,30(4), 253-264. Sheridan, A. J., Drennan, J., Coughlan, B., OKeeffe, D., Frazer, K., Kemple, M., ... OCallaghan, E. (2015). Improving social functioning and reducing social isolation and loneliness among people with enduring mental illness: Report of a randomised controlled trial of supported socialisation.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,61(3), 241-250. Devereux, M., Jackson, C. (2015). The nature of the social experience at popular music festivals. Bardi, A., Buchanan, K. E., Goodwin, R., Slabu, L., Robinson, M. (2014). Value stability and change during self-chosen life transitions: Self-selection versus socialization effects.Journal of personality and social psychology,106(1), 131. Tao, F., Cheng, Y., Zhang, L., Nee, A. Y. (2017). Advanced manufacturing systems: socialization characteristics and trends.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,28(5), 1079-1094. Lytton, H. (2013).Parent-child interaction: The socialization process observed in twin and singleton families. Springer Science Business Media. Petrova, T. N., Kirillova, O. V., Sokolova, S. G., Pugacheva, N. B., Galimullina, A. F., Maksimova, O. G., ... Kozhanov, V. V. (2016). Education as the Management of Research Universities Students' Socialization.International Review of Management and Marketing,6(2S). Perrot, S., Bauer, T. N., Abonneau, D., Campoy, E., Erdogan, B., Liden, R. C. (2014). Organizational socialization tactics and newcomer adjustment: The moderating role of perceived organizational support.Group Organization Management,39(3), 247-273. Priest, N., Walton, J., White, F., Kowal, E., Baker, A., Paradies, Y. (2014). Understanding the complexities of ethnic-racial socialization processes for both minority and majority groups: A 30-year systematic review.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,43, 139-155. Grusec, J. E. (2017). 10 A Domains-of-Socialization Perspective on Childrens Social Development.New Perspectives on Human Development, 165. Lee, N. J., Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M. (2013). Processes of political socialization: A communication mediation approach to youth civic engagement.Communication Research,40(5), 669-697. Van Campenhout, G. (2015). Revaluing the role of parents as financial socialization agents in youth financial literacy programs.Journal of Consumer Affairs,49(1), 186-222. Aronfreed, J. (2013).Conduct and conscience: The socialization of internalized control over behavior. Elsevier. Wang, M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J., Liu, Y., Li, Y. (2015). Context, socialization, and newcomer learning.Organizational Psychology Review,5(1), 3-25. Danziger, K. (Ed.). (2013).Readings in Child Socialization: The Commonwealth and International Library: Readings in Sociology. Elsevier. Grusec, J. E., Chaparro, M. P., Johnston, M., Sherman, A. (2014). The development of moral behavior from a socialization perspective.Handbook of moral development, 113-134. Moschis, G. P., Moore, R. L. (2016). Mass media and personal influences on adolescent consumer learning. InProceedings of the 1979 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 127-131). Springer, Cham.

Fmcg Sector Essay Example

Fmcg Sector Essay Dissertation Report On Buying Behaviour for FMCG SUBMITTED TOWARDS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT (Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India) ACADEMIC SESSION 2011 – 2012 [pic] Submitted By: Krishn Kumar Sharma DM-1119 Batch 2011-2013 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. SARJUE PANDITA AJAY KUMAR GARG INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT 27Km Stone, Delhi-Hapur Bypass Road, P. O. Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad-201009 Acknowledgement I dedicate this page to all those who have silently or actively left indelible mark on my project report, so that they may give credits which richly deserve. Talent capabilities are of course necessary but opportunities right guidance is two very important backups without which any person cannot climb the ladder for success. Proper guidance and direction is required in order to achieve the goal making optimum of each every opportunity. I am thankful from the core of my heart express my feeling of gratitude and acknowledgement to my Project Mentor Mrs Namita Nath Kumar.. Whose constant support and faith in me always motivated me and their knowledge and brilliance has pulled me out of doldrums in this project. Mundane words are not enough to express our indebtedness towards other Faculty of AKGIM Ghaziabad† whose enormous assistance helped us in the completion of project. Krishn Kumar Sharma DM1119 PREFACE Today companies must urgently and critically rethink their business mission and marketing strategies . We will write a custom essay sample on Fmcg Sector specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fmcg Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fmcg Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Instead of operating in a market place of fixed and known competition and stable consumer preferences, today companies work in war zone of rapidly changing customer/competitor, new law, managed trade policy and diminishing customer loyalty. Company considers the fact that today customer face a plenitude of product every category. Consider that customer exhibit varying and diverse requirement for product service combination and prices. In face of their vast choices, customer will gravitate to offering that best meet their individual needs and expectation. Therefore it is not surprising that today’s winning companies are those who succeed in satisfying their target customer . If they can’t bring something special to get market. They will not last long. The companies should be market focused and consumer driven. They pay extreme attention to quality and service to meeting and even exceeding customer expectation Table of Content |S. No. |Topics |Page No. |1 |Executive Summary |01-05 | |2 |Introduction Of Company |06-36 | |3 |Research Objective |37-38 | |4 |Research Methodology |39-41 | |5 |Analysis of Questionnaire |42-56 | |6 |Findings |57-59 | |7 |Recommendations |60-61 | |8 |Conclusion |61-62 | |9 |Limitations of Study |63-65 | |10 |References |66-67 | |11 |Annexures |68-72 | Table of Content 1. Executive summary 1-1 2. Introduction 2-3 3. Overview of FMCG 3 4. FMCG in 2006 4 5. Comparison between FMCG in 2005 2006 4-5 6. Sector’s outlook 5-7 7. Scope of FMCG 8 8. Growth prospects 8-11 9. Top players in FMCG sector 11 10. Secondary players 12 11. Review of literature 12-14 12. Research objectives 15 13. Research methodology 16-19 14. Panoramic View 20-22 15. Income based classification 23-24 16. Socio – economic classification 25-28 17. Age demographics 28-29 18. Geographical dispersion 30 19. Analysis 31-60 20. Conclusion 61-62 21. Suggestions recommendations 63 22. References 64-65 23. Questionnaire 24. 66-68 01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this research I have put an effort to understand the buying behavior of the consumers towards FMCG products. 1. In this report, I have first of all given a brief review about FMCG sector as a whole. 2. Then she has given a review of the findings of some of the researches that has already been conducted by various researchers. 3. Then she has enumerated her research objectives. 4. Then she has given the panoramic view regarding the topic. 5. Then she has described her research methodology i. e. , the sample unit, sample size, sampling region, sampling procedure that she has used in her report. 6. She has used stratified random sampling as her sampling procedure. 7. Then she has analyzed the data which was collected by a questionnaire. 8. Then she has concluded the findings of the survey. 9. Then finally, she has given few suggestions recommendations regarding the topic. Introduction There was a time when the FMCG companies ignores rural market, they took no any interest to produced or sell products in rural market in India. It was the initial stage of FMCG companies in India. As per as the time had passed, the strategy and marketing style of FMCG companies had been changed. The rural market is the one of the best opportunity for the FMCG sector in the India. It is wider and less competitive market for the FMCG. As the income level of the rural consumers increasing, the demand of FMCG is increasing continuously. Fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) are popularly named as consumer packaged goods. Items in this category include all consumables (other than groceries/pulses) people buy at regular intervals. The most common in the list are toilet soaps, detergents, shampoos, tooth paste, shaving products, shoe polish, packaged food stuff, household accessories, extends to certain electronic goods. These items are meant for daily or frequent consumption have a high return. A major portion of the monthly budget of each household is reserved for FMCG products. The volume of products circulated in the economy against FMCG products is very high, as the number of products the consumer uses, is comparatively very high. Competition in FMCG sector is very high resulting in high pressure on margins. FMCG companies maintain intense distribution network. Companies spend a large portion of their budget on maintaining distribution networks. New entrants who wish to bring their products in the national level need to invest huge sums of money on promoting brands. Manufacturing can be outsourced. A recent phenomenon in the sector was entry of multinationals and cheaper imports. Also the market is more pressurized with presence of local players in rural areas and state brands. Overview of FMCG Sector FMCG is an acronym for Fast Moving Consumer Goods, which refer to things that we buy from local supermarkets on daily basis, the things that have high turnover are relatively cheaper. FMCG in 2006 After 4 years of dull performance in both revenues profits, FMCG sector has now, i. e. , since 2005, gained the momentum, principally because of the smaller companies that have substantially improved their market shares at the cost of larger players, in some cases, the regional players. If we carefully observe the FMCG index BSE index, we would realize that the returns on money invested in FMCG index are much lower than the returns in benchmark index. The FMCG sector has under performed the benchmark BSE sensex in 2006. Though both the indices were close to each other till august 2006, however, in the later part of the year the sensex surpassed the FMCG index by a reasonable margin. Comparison of 2006 and 2005 After two years of sinking performance of FMCG sector, the year 2005 has witnessed the FMCG’s demand growing. Strong growth was seen across various segments in FY06. With the rise in disposable income and the economy in good health, the urban consumers continued with their shopping spree. The rural demand grew at around 11%, while both the urban and rural sector together registered a growth of around 8%. Packets and sachets contributed to the highest growth in rural areas. Growth in FMCG depends on two factors: †¢ Increase in penetration and consumption in rural areas †¢ Change in aspirations and tastes of the urban population Both these factors contributed to growth in 2006. Besides demand, prices also increased, because of which only the selected consumers moved up in the value chain. The large format retail stores in metros also stimulated sales, even if on a very small base. Some companies absorbed higher input prices, while others were able to pass on the cost to the consumers. Sector’s Outlook FMCG is the fourth largest sector in the Indian Economy with a total market size of Rs. 60,000 crores. FMCG sector generates 5% of total factory employment in the country and is creating employment for three million people, especially in small towns and rural India. According to a CII – A T Kearney Report, the FMCG sector in India is expected to grow at a compounded growth rate (CAGR) of 9% to a size of Rs. 1,43,000 crores by 2010 from Rs. 93,000 crores at present. With a growth of 52. 5%, the BSE FMCG index has, during the last 1 year outperformed the sensex, which could manage a growth of 41% only. A well established distribution network, intense competition between the organized unorganized segments, low operating costs, strong branding characterizes the market. The large consumer base, particularly in rural sector, and the growing middle class open up huge opportunities to FMCG companies to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products. The sectors lack-luster performance in the last few years was due to price competition and increase in raw materials cost. However, in the FY06, the sector has witnessed a double-digit growth in profits and revenues. The sector has registered an up trend in growth across categories, such as health supplement, shampoo, toothpaste, hair oils, and mosquito repellant, as shown in table below: Sales Value Growth % |Categories |2004-2005 |2005-2006 |Apr. 2006-Sept. 006 | |Health Supplement (Chyawanprash) |-5% |0% |23% | |Shampoo |10% |23% |19% | |Toothpaste |5% |6% |16% | |Hair Oils |9% |18% |23% | |Mosquito Repellant |13% |10% |29% | Source: CII – A T Kearney Report, (2000) Sector Financials |In millions | |   |31-03-2006 |31-03-2005 |31-03-2004 | |Net Sales |164,196 |148,241 |145,380 | |Sales Growth |10. 8% |2. 0% |- | |Profit after Tax |19,595 |17,001 |21,008 | |PAT Growth |16. 6% |-24. % |- | |Market Capitalization |74,746 |65,810 |63,072 | |Enterprise Value |662,540 |645,477 |551,971 | |Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) |47. 1% |51. 0% |45. 5% | |P/E Ratio |26. 7% |27. 1% |21. 0% | Source: CII – A T Kearney Report, (2000) Scope of the FMCG Sector The Indian FMCG sector has a market size of US $13. 1 billion. FMCG sector is expected to grow by over 60% by 2010. That will translate into an annual growth of 10% over a period of 5 years. It has been estimated that FMCG sector will rise from around Rs. 56,500 crores in 2005 to Rs. 92,100 crores in 2010. Hair care, household care, male grooming, female hygiene, the chocolates confectionary categories are estimated to be the fastest growing segments, says an HSBC Report. Though the sector witnessed a slower growth in 2002 – 04, it has been to make a fine recovery since then. For example, Hindustan Levers Limited (HLL) has shown a healthy growth in the last quarter. An estimated double-digit growth over the next few years shows that the good times are likely to continue. Growth Prospects With the presence of 12. 2% of the world population in the villages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sector will boost rural incomes, hence providing better growth prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply chain. FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from growing demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for almost all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. And if the companies are able to change the mindset of the consumers, i. e. f they are able to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the near future. It is expected that the rural income will rise in 2007, boosting purchasing power in the countryside . However, the demand in urban areas would be the key growth driver over the long term. Also, increase in the urban population, along with increase in income levels and the availability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption, with rural India accounting for the remaining 34%. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as personal care, fabric care, and hot beverages. In urban areas, home and personal care category, including skin care, household care and feminine hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates. Within the foods segment, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas. Indian Competitiveness and Comparison with the World Markets: The following factors make India a competitive player in FMCG sector: 1. Availability of raw materials Because of the diverse agro-climatic conditions in India, there is a large raw material base suitable for food processing industries. India is the largest producer of livestock, milk, sugarcane, coconut, spices and cashew and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat and fruits . India also produces caustic soda and soda ash, which are required for the production of soaps and detergents. The availability of these raw materials gives India the location advantage. 2. Labor cost comparison [pic] Low cost labor gives India a competitive advantage. Indias labor cost is amongst the lowest in the world, after China Indonesia. Low labor costs give the advantage of low cost of production. Many MNCs have established their plants in India to outsource for domestic and export markets. 3. Presence across value chain Indian companies have their presence across the value chain of FMCG sector, right from the supply of raw materials to packaged goods in the food-processing sector. This brings India a more cost competitive advantage. For example, Amul supplies milk as well as dairy products like cheese, butter, etc. Top Players in FMCG Sector 1. Hindustan lever limited (HLL) 2. ITC (Indian Tobacco Company) 3. Nestle India 4. GCMMF (AMUL) 5. Dabur India 6. Asian Paints (India) 7. Cadbury India 8. Britannia Industries 9. Procter Gamble Hygiene Health Care 10. Marico Industries Secondary Players 1. Colgate-Palmolive (India) Ltd. 2. Godrej Consumers Product Ltd. 3. Nirma Ltd. 4. Tata Tea Ltd. 5. Parle Agro 6. H. J. Heinz Review of Literature Rural market is one of the best opportunities for the FMCG sector. In some sense we can say that rural market is future of FMCG. 1. Basu Purba (2004), suggested that the lifestyle of rural consumers is changing. Rural Indian market and the marketing strategy have become the latest marketing buzzword for most of the FMCG majors. She added the strategies of different FMCG companies for capturing rural market like Titan’s Sonata watches, Coco Cola’s 200ml bottle, different strategies of HUL and Marico etc. She takes into consideration the study of National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER). According to the NCAER projections, the number of middle and high-income households in rural area is expected to grow from 140 million to 190 million by 2007. In urban India, the same is expected to grow from 65 million to 79 million. Thus, the absolute size of rural India is expected to be double that of urban India. 2. Tognatta Pradeep (2003), suggested that, the economic growth in Indias agricultural sector in last year was over 10%, compared with 8. 5% in the industrial sector. This implies a huge market potentiality for the marketer to meet up increasing demand. Factors such as village psyche, strong distribution network and market awareness are few prerequisites for making a dent in the rural markets. The model is of the stolid Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever Group, which has enjoyed a century-long presence in India through its subsidiary Hindustan Lever Ltd. It was Hindustan Lever that several years ago popularized the idea of selling its products in tiny packages. Its sachets of detergent and shampoo are in great demand in Indian villages. Britannia with its low priced Tiger brand biscuits has become some of the success story in rural marketing. 3. Aithal, K Rajesh (2004), suggested that rural markets are an important and growing market for most products and services including telecom. The characteristics of the market in terms of low and spread out population and limited purchasing power make it a difficult market to capture. The Bottom of the pyramid marketing strategies and the 4 As model of Availability, Affordability, Acceptability and Awareness provide us with a means of developing appropriate strategies to tackle the marketing issues for marketing telecom services in rural areas. Successful cases like the Grameen Phone in Bangladesh and Smart Communications Inc in Philippines also provide us with some guidelines to tackling the issue. As per my concern of the research, it is a detail study of different FMCG products used by rural consumers. It will provide detail information about consumer preferences towards a good number of FMCG products which is too unique and different from those above researches. Research objectives †¢ To understand the demand pattern of FMCG products in the rural market. †¢ To know the amount of household income spent on the consumption of FMCG products. †¢ To understand the image of the products in the eyes of the consumers. Research methodology Data collection Sample unit: 1. working people (including men women) 2. college students 3. school students 4. senior citizens Sample size: 1. working people: 32% 2. college students: 29% 3. school students: 23% 4. senior citizens: 16% Sampling region: 1. The researcher has selected LUCKNOW, the Capital city of Uttar Pradesh as her area of study. 2. She has chosen GOMTI NAGAR, MAHANAGAR, ALIGANJ as her areas of research. In these areas she can easily meet working people (both male female), school students, college students senior citizens. The population status of these areas can be shown in a tabulated manner, which is given as follows: Area |Population | |Gomti Nagar |12,97,570 | |Mahanagar |8,12,230 | |Aliganj |8,75,640 | Population is in approximate figures. Source: http://www. upgov. nic. in/upinfo/census01/cen01-1. htm Note: As the examiner can see that the population of areas (areas that are chosen by the researcher) is very large, therefore the researcher has stratified the area. She has chosen various areas that come under these areas. The areas covered by the researcher in Gomti Nagar are Viram Khand, Vinamr Khand, Vibhuti Khand . the population level of these areas are: |Area |Population | |Vishwas Khand |2,83,563 | |Vipul Khand |3,93,768 | |Vivek Khand |2,86,786 | Source: Lucknow Development Authority Note: the researcher took these areas because these areas are near to various school colleges. The researcher took school college students as her sample unit. The areas covered by the researcher in Maha Nagar are Chandra Lok Mahanagar Colony. The population statuses of these areas are: |Area |Population | |Chandra Lok |2,34,863 | |Mahanagar Colony |3,84,683 | Source: Lucknow Development Authority Note: The researcher took these areas because there are various schools institutes nearby these places. The areas covered by the researcher in ALIGANJ are Jankipuram Sahara City. The population statuses of these areas are: |Area |Population | |Jankipuram |2,78,675 | |Sahara City |1,89,986 | Source: Lucknow Development Authority Note: The researcher took Aliganj as one of the areas for her study because she lives in jankipuram it was quite easy for her to conduct the survey in that particular place. Sampling procedure: The researcher will take stratified random sampling as the sampling procedure. Data collection method: 1. Primary data: it will be collected with the help of a self administered questionnaire. This questionnaire aims to gather information related to various Branded products. 2. Secondary data: it will be collected with the help of books, research papers, magazines, news papers, journals, internet, etc. Research instruments: Questionnaire design: As the questionnaire is self administrated one, the survey is kept simple and user friendly. Words used in questionnaire are readily understandable to all respondent. Also technical jargons are avoided to ensure that there is no confusion for respondents. Panoramic View India has a population of over 1 billion 4 climatic Zones. Several religious personal beliefs, 15 languages, different social customs food habits categorize Indian consumer class. Besides this, India is also different in culture if compared with other Asian countries. Therefore, India has high distinctiveness in demand and the companies in India can get lot of market opportunities for various classes of consumers. Consumer goods marketers’ experience that dealing with India is like dealing with many small markets at the same time. Indian consumer goods market is expected to reach $400 billion by 2010. India has the youngest population amongst the major countries. There are a lot of young people in India in different income categories. Consumer goods marketers are often faced with a dilemma regarding the choice of appropriate market segment. In India they do not have to face this dilemma largely because rapid urbanization, increase in demand, presence of large number of young population, any number of opportunities is available. The bottom line is that Indian market is changing rapidly and is showing unprecedented consumer business opportunity. As the restrictions on foreign investments were relaxed in 1991, Multi-National Companies have been entering India since then. |Market Size in $ million |Market Share in % | | | | |15 |Indian Companies |MNCs |Indian Companies |MNCs | | |1992 |2004 |1992 |2004 | |Breakfast cereals |2 |25 |100 |0 |52 |48 | |Wafers, potato |6 |35 |100 |0 |37 |63 | |chips | | | | | | | |Washing Machines |40 |570 |98 |2 |51 |49 | |TV |630 |3,030 |97 |3 |49 |51 | 1992 $=30 rupees 2004 $=45 rupees Source: Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) With a population of 1 billion people, India is a big market for FMCG companies. Around 70% of the total households in India reside in the rural areas. The total number of rural households is expected to rise from 135 m in 2002 to 153 m in 2010, which represents the largest potential market in the world. Rural and urban potential |   |Urban |Rural | |Population 2001-02 (m household) |53 |135 | |Population 2009-10 (m household) |69 |153 | |% Distribution (2001-02) |28 |72 | |Market (Towns/Villages) |3,768 |627,000 | Source: Statistical Outline of India (2001-02), NCAER Indian consumer class can be classified according to the following criteria: 1. Income 2. Socio-Economic status 3. Age demographics 4. Geographical dispersion Income based classification India has a population of 1. 095 billion people, comprising of 1/6th of the world population. Indias population can be divided into 5 groups on the basis of annual household income. These groups are: 1. Higher income 2. Upper middle income 3. Middle middle income 4. Lower middle income 5. Lower income The income classification does not represent a real scenario for an international business because the purchasing power of currencies differs significantly. The real purchasing power of Indian rupee is higher than the international exchange value. In addition to that, income classification is not an effective tool to ascertain consumption and ownership trends in the economy. Consumer Classification According to National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) there are 5 consumer classes that differ in their ownership patterns and consumption behavior across various segments of goods. |Consumer Classes |Annual Income in Rs. |1996 |2001 |2007 |Change | |The Rich |Rs. 215,000 and more |1. 2 |2. 0 |6. |416% | |The Consuming Class |Rs 45- 215,000 |32. 5 |54. 6 |90. 9 |179% | |The Climbers |Rs. 22-45,000 |54. 1 |71. 6 |74. 1 |37% | |The Aspirants |Rs. 16-22,000 |44 |28. 1 |15. 3 |-65% | |The Destitute |Below Rs. 16,000 |33 |23. 4 |12. 8 |-61% | |Total | |164. 8 |180. 7 |199. 2 |21% | Source: NCAER The 5 classes of consumer households (consumer classification) show the economic development across the country based on consumption trends. Socio economic classification In addition to income classification and consumer classification, Indian households can also be segmented according to the occupation and education levels of the chief earner of the household (the person who contributes most to the household expenses). This is called as Socio-economic Classification (SEC), which is mainly used by market planners to target market before launching their new products. SEC is made to understand the purchase behavior and the consumption pattern of the households. The urban area is segregated into: A1, A2, B1, B2, C, D, E1, E2 Socio-Economic Classification Occupation |Education | | |Illiterate |Less than 4 |5-9 yrs of |School certificate|Some college|Graduate |Post-graduate | | | |yrs in |school | | | | | | | |school | | | | | | |Skilled |E2 |E1 |D |C |C |B2 |B2 | |Unskilled |E2 |E2 |E1 | D |D |D |D | |Shop owner |D |D |C |B2 |B2 |A2 |A2 | |Petty trader |E2 |D |D |C |C |B2 |B2 | |Employer of- | |Above 10 persons |B1 |B1 |A2 |A2 |A1 |A1 |A1 | |Below 10 persons |C |B2 |B2 |B1 |A2 |A1 |A1 | |None |D |C |B2 |B1 |A2 |A1 |A1 | |Clerk |D |D |D |C |B2 |B1 |B1 | |Supervisor |D |D |C |C |B2 |B1 |A2 | |Professional |D |D |D |B2 |B1 |A2 |A1 | |Senior executive |B1 |B1 |B1 |B1 |A2 |A1 |A1 | |Junior executive |C |C |C |B2 |B1 |A2 |A2 | Source: Indian readership survey (IRS) Sections A B refer to High-class- constitutes over a quarter of urban population Sec C refers to Middle-class constitutes 21% of the urban population Sections D E refer to Low-class constitutes over half the urban population To understand the table, consider an example: A trader whose monthly household income (MHI) is more than that of a person in section A cannot be included in this SEC because his educational qualification or occupations do not qualify him for inclusion. Sec C constitutes households whose Chief Wage Earners are employed as: |Skilled workers |33% | |Petty traders |12% | |Clerk/Supervisor |37% | |Shop owners |18% | 3/4th of them have studied till 10th or 12th class while the remaining 1/4th have studied till 9th class. Less than half of the Chief Wage Earners of households belonging to sections D E are unskilled workers. Petty Traders are 18%, while Skilled Workers are about 28%. More than 80% of the population of upper strata consumers is living in the top 7 cities. Those top 7 cities are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, and Hyderabad. With increase in economic prosperity, this population (upper strata consumers) is growing at 10 percent annually. The rural area is segregated in to: R1, R2, R3, R4. |Education of chief wage |Type of House | |earner | | |Pucca |Semi-pucca |Kuchcha | |Professional degree |R1 |R2 |R3 | |Graduation/ PG |R1 |R2 |R3 | |College |R1 |R2 |R3 | |SSC/HSC |R2 |R3 |R3 | |Class 4-Class 9 |R3 |R3 |R4 | |Up to class 4 |R3 |R3 |R4 | |Self-learning |R3 |R4 |R4 | |Illiterate |R4 |R4 |R4 | Age demographics India is a very young nation, if compared with some advanced and developed countries. Nearly two- thirds of its population is below the age of 35, and nearly 50 % is below 25. Marketers explain that the boom in the consumption level and leisure related expenditure is because of this young population. It will have a significant impact over the consumer goods market. In addition to that, it is expected that this will generate trade opportunities and continuous investment in the economy. There is huge potential for further consumption of goods and services due to the increased level of disposable income. The expenditure on essential goods and services has a higher share in developing countries as compared with that of developed countries. Age distribution if Indian population (In Millions) |Year/ Age |2006 |2001 |1996 | |Below 4 yrs |113. 5 |108. 5 |119. 5 | |5-14 yrs |221. 2 |239. 1 |233. | |15-19 yrs |122. 4 |109. 0 |90. 7 | |20-34 yrs |279. 1 |246. 8 |224 | |35-54 yrs |239. 2 |207. 3 |178. 1 | |55 above |118. 7 |101. 7 |88. 7 | |Total |1094. 1 |1012. 4 |934. 2 | Consumption Trends Food Essentials |45. 68% | |Essential Services (water, power, rent, and fuels) |10. 1% | |Clothing |4. 9% | |Footwear |0. 63% | |Medicare |4. 25% | |Transport Communication |14. 1% | |Recreation, Education, and Culture |Less than 4% | |Home Goods |3. 25% | Geographical dispersion There is large difference in economic prosperity levels among several states in India, linked to the wea lth creation from trade, industrial, and agricultural development. There are poor districts in many states, classified according to their market potential. India has 500 districts, out of which 150 districts (category A) and next 150 districts (category B) account for 78% and 15% of the national market potential respectively. Remaining 200 districts (category C) are backward and account for only 7% of national market potential. Category C districts have 40% of the geographical share. Analysis 1. Which soap u prefer to use? The reaction of people towards various SOAP brands can be tabulated in the following manner: |Brands |Lux |Dettol |Lifebuoy |others | |Percentage |36 |22 |18 |24 | In the survey that the researcher conducted, it could easily be concluded that LUX, the product of HUL was highly in demand. LUX, the product of HUL covers 36% of the market share. After LUX, the other brands (EXCEPT LUX, DETTOL, LIFEBUOY) covers 24% of the market share. This is then followed by DETTOL, the product of RECKITT BENCKISER with a market share of 22%, which is then followed by LIFEBUOY, the product of HUL with a market share of 18%. This data can be graphically explained with the help of the following bar graph: [pic] 2. Which pack u prefer to use? In order to determine the income pattern of the consumers, it was necessary for the researcher to distribute the consumers on the basis of their demand for the various packs of SOAP brands available in the market. However, the reaction of people towards various packs of SOAP can be tabulated in the following manner: Packs of soaps |Single pack |Family pack (3 in 1) | |Percentage |56 |44 | In the survey that the researcher conducted, she tried to differentiate amongst people, with below average household income, average household income above household income. This classification can be done on the basis of the daily expenditure that people make. 56% consumers demand single pack. 44% consumers demand family packs i. e. 3 in 1 pack. This data can be graphically explained with the help of the following bar graph: [pic] 1. Which tea u prefer to use? The reaction of people towards various TEA brands can be tabulated in the following manner: Brands |Tata Tea |Brooke Bond |Taj Mahal

How to Write a Dissertation in Anthropology Complete Guide

How to Write a Dissertation in Anthropology Complete Guide Lots of students find writing a dissertation to be one of the most challenging and enjoyable parts of their anthropology course. It allows them to explore specific issues more widely or deeply and contribute to this interesting field of study. But many students also find sustaining a logical argument and maintaining good writing over such a long piece daunting because analyzing diverse material from archival and ethnographic research and finding ways to integrate it requires a lot of time and effort. To help you cope with such a complex research project, we created for you this ultimate guide to writing a dissertation in anthropology. We will discuss how to write an anthropology dissertation step-by-step and provide you with a short list of interesting research topic ideas. If you face problems with completing any other type of coursework assignments, explore our website where we have lots of full guides to all writing assignments out there. What Is Dissertation in Anthropology? Anthropology studies humans, human behavior, and societies in the past and presents. This branch of science studies both the biological features that make us human (such as genetic makeup, evolution, nutritional history, and psychology) and deals with social aspects (such as religion, family, culture, language, and politic). The goal of writing anthropology dissertation is to give students the opportunity to conduct an original research project. This way, you will be able to gain detailed knowledge of the existing literature, current research, and methods used in your chosen area. Anthropology dissertation is a complex task because it is expected to be a mature and competent piece of writing that embodies the results of significant and original research. Choosing an Interesting Anthropology Dissertation Topic There are 4 subfields in anthropology that focus on different topic areas: Sociocultural anthropology studies processes of social transformation and cultural change; Biological anthropology studies different aspects of human evolutionary biology; Archaeology studies material remains of the past cultural systems; Linguistic anthropology studies how people communicate and formulate language. When choosing a specific topic for your research, you should decide which subfield interests you most of all. For example, if you are interested in biological anthropology, you can write about topics related to human evolution. If you are passionate about sociocultural anthropology, you can focus on such topics as race, gender, and class inequality, family systems and demography, ideology and culture, gender relations or human ecology. Here are some interesting anthropology dissertation topics ideas to help you get started with your research. Implication of the Politics of Korean Comfort Women for East Asian Relationship; Impact of Colonial Morality on African Women; Linguistic Imperialism in Palestine; CouchSurfing Ethnography; Impact of Adopting Agriculture on Human History; Development of Written Language in Advanced Society; Sports in Modern American Culture; Concepts of Race and Gender in Chinese Biological Anthropology; Biology and Culture in Modern Anthropology; Anthropology of Online Communities; Anthropology of Money; Race and Ethnicity in Medical Anthropology; Anthropology and Global Health; Anthropology and World Culture Theory; Anthropological Interest in Old Age and Aging. Start with a broad topic and then do a preliminary research using relevant keywords to get a better idea of the existing literature and to identify gaps in the current research. Narrow your topic and formulate the research question. You need to create a research proposal for your dissertation and should make it as detailed as possible because the more care you devote to it, the more you will be able to use it as a resource. Writing a Research Proposal A research proposal for field- or library-based dissertation should briefly outline what you want to do, how you are going to do that, and why you think it’s important. Your proposal must also demonstrate that you have done preliminary research and are ready to start an independent research project. You should think about the contribution that your project can make to the anthropological knowledge in the chosen area. Typically, a research proposal includes such elements as introduction, background (research location and review of the existing literature), methodology, key dates and estimated budget, preliminary list of sources. If you manage to summarize the exact scope of study, it can serve you as a guide when you write the main chapters of your work. After you finish working on your main chapters, you can revise your proposal and use it as an introduction to your project. Anthropology Dissertation Outline Effective planning is essential for the success of your anthropology dissertation but actually it should be a continuous process during your writing. All dissertations look the same and include typical types of content. So, in your dissertation, you have to: Formulate a specific research question that your project has to answer; Analyze relevant literature in anthropology that relates to your question; Provide an independent research to address this question; Explain why you chose specific methods for your research; Present your original findings and discuss them. Before you start writing, draft a plan for your anthropology dissertation. It will serve you as a template and will help you organize your work. The structure of your dissertation may look like this: Introduction includes the research question or the hypothesis and the summary of the key arguments; Literature review contains review of the previous work relevant to your research question; Methodology section explains and justifies your choice of specific methods for doing investigation; Findings section presents key results of your research; Discussion chapter should relate your findings to the theoretical discussion in your literature review; Conclusions wraps up you have presented in your anthropology dissertation and provides recommendations for further research. Writing a Draft of an Anthropology Dissertation You should start writing your draft as early as possible and allow a lot of time for revisions after you have shown your first draft to your supervisor. Let’s discuss how to write separate sections. Abstract Abstract is an important element of the dissertation. It’s a brief summary of your research of about 300 words in length. This part of a dissertation is written last when you know exactly what you are summarizing. You need to tell what you did, how you did it and what results of your investigation and implications are. Introduction You should write your introduction in a way as if you are starting a new investigation. You need to provide a context to your topic, giving background information. After that, you should overview key arguments in current research related to your anthropology dissertation topic. Then, you need to identify the gap in the existing literature and formulate your research question or hypothesis that you will investigate in your dissertation. For example, if you are writing a dissertation about career women in modern Japan, your research question may look like this one: ‘Why do Japanese women pursue professional careers and how does that change their personalities?’ Finally, you should briefly outline the structure of your dissertation to give your readers a general idea of what they should expect to read. Literature Review When writing this chapter, you need to demonstrate that you know very well how your own piece of research fits into the overall context in your field. You also need to provide reports that critically overview the existing literature. The main thing is to find the gap in the contemporary literature that you would like to address in your dissertation. Your analysis of literature in this chapter should lead to clear statement of a specific problem that you will be addressing. If written correctly, this chapter established a framework in which you will analyze your research findings. Methods In this chapter, you need to explain how you carried your research and what techniques you used to gathere your data. This section occupies an important place in the whole structure of your anthropology dissertation because you have to present enough information for anyone who will read your dissertation to recreate similar techniques for gathering data to replicate your study. Don’t include any interviews or questionnaires that you have used while conducting your investigation. You just need to explain why you chose to apply some specific technique to collect data. Results Don’t confuse your findings with discussion like many students do. You need to present relevant results of your investigation related to your research question. All data must be organized in a logical and coherent way so you should put your research findings in the order that seems reasonable. Often research data can be presented in tables and charts that should be clearly labeled. It’s important to ensure that all data were derived from your research methods and that they fit your hypothesis or research question. Discussion In this chapter, you need to link your findings to the literature review. You should remind your readers once more about the objectives of your anthropology research and analyze the data that are directly relevant to the research question. You can tell what your original research added to the context and it can fill the gap in the existing research. Tell about the limitations of your research and report about the implications of your findings for anthropological theory. Conclusions You need to bring together all your work and tell about the extent to which all your objectives have been met. You must tell about the main points as they emerged and explain what they mean for anthropology as a subject. You should tell why your research is important and give some recommendations for further research. Besides, you should include a final paragraph that rounds off your dissertation in anthropology. Editing and Proofreading Your Anthropology Dissertation When you complete your first draft, you need to revise it and make changes to improve the content and the logic. You may need to add, delete or reorganize material. Only when you are completely satisfied with the content of your final draft, you should check it for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors and eliminate them. Check all your in-text citations and create a references list. Here are some tips that will help you effectively revise your anthropology dissertation: Don’t start revising your dissertation that you just finished writing. Take a break and put your paper aside for some time otherwise you may overlook some important issues in it. You may work on the computer if you like but many people prefer to edit and proofread on a printed copy. When revising your content, you need to make sure that your dissertation makes accurate claims, your argument is logical and supported by relevant evidence. Make sure that each paragraph has one main idea and a topic sentence. Look for patterns in your errors and develop special techniques for spotting and fixing such common mistakes. Try to keep editing and proofreading processes separate. When proofreading, use different techniques, for example, read your dissertation backwards, read every sentence separately etc. Tips on Conventions of Writing Anthropology Dissertation It’s preferable to use active voice but your dissertation can contain both active and passive voices. It’s important to use tenses consistently. Keep in mind that the present tense may convey the idea of false sense of authority. Your anthropology dissertation should be written in an elegant style where you mix complex sentences with shorter sentences. Feel free to use metaphors and other figures of speech but make sure that your writing is clear to your readers. Keep quotes in text to the minimum and always try to explain things using your own words. We strongly recommend that you should avoid long quotations and use your own words for explanation. We have discussed all the essential steps in writing a dissertation in anthropology. Follow our easy recommendations and proven tips and you are sure to successfully cope with such a lengthy and arduous project and make a great impression on the committee. If you need help with any other academic assignment, check other writing guides on our website.

SLP 4 Medicare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SLP 4 Medicare - Essay Example Medicare Part A is government issued hospitalization insurance. Patients with Part A coverage have benefits that pay a portion of inpatient hospital stays, or long-term alternative care stays like skilled nursing facilities for lengthy recoveries, or hospice for terminally ill patients. Part A "is funded by a 2.9 percent payroll tax which is directed to the Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund account" (McClellan, 2000). Medicare Part B is supplemental. Eligible participants receive 80 percent of allowed outpatient charges covered. These services include office visits, lab work, x-rays, etc. According to the same McClellan study, "About three-fourths of the Supplemental Medical Insurance program is funded by general federal revenues and one-fourth by a beneficiary premium" (McClellan, 2000). He added that by 2009, Part B would see the most significant growth of all Medicare programs. Thanks to the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act MMA) of 2003, senior citizens became eligible for Medicare Part D, which pays a portion of prescription charges. Quoting Gluck, 1999, McClellan writes, "Total spending on prescription drugs averages around $1,000 per beneficiary" (McClellan, 2000). ... There is evidence that "long-term financial imbalances in the Medicare system make some sort of Medicare reform inevitable," (Cutler and Sheiner, 2000) but all is not lost. Cutler and Sheiner argue that people need only save a little more to balance the benefits that may be lost in the future. According to them, Medicare benefits could be cut by 40-60 percent, but private savings and the purchase of a supplemental insurance would leave future beneficiaries in the same financial position that current beneficiaries are in. Lee and Skinner, however, don't agree that those numbers can be crunched so easily. Their opinion is that with a declining mortality rate, and an uncertain number of births in the future, the population of persons aged 65 and older will have tripled by 2070. With that in mind, they see increasing the Medicare eligible age from 65 to 67, and an "immediate 2 percentage point increase in the Social Security payroll tax" (Lee and Skinner) as a better way to avoid a "Medi care bust in the next century." About $200 billion was spent in 1996 for Medicare recipients (Newhouse, 1996). He estimated that a $122 billion Medicare surplus in 1996 would be a $444 billion deficit by 2006. Newhouse's ideas for decreasing Medicare spending were to get on the Clinton administration's bandwagon and require that Medicare recipients use Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) to remain competitive. Newhouse also suggested the use of Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs), which allow employees to set money aside from each paycheck, on a pre-tax basis, to help cover or reduce costs. Newhouse claims that implementing MSAs prior to retirement could save 25 percent, if current spending trends hold. This is especially true, according to him, of workers who

Consumer research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer research - Essay Example The researcher has found that body knowledge regarding â€Å"Confusion in Marketing† or consumer confusion regarding marketing practices has been developed in the past 30 years or more. At this point, it would be rational to think that researchers from various background and time periods have conducted research on various aspects of the topic in last 30 years. In such background, the researcher has selected two academic articles addressing two different dimensions of the topic â€Å"Confusion in Marketing† and in the next section, the essay will identify, label, compare, analyze and reflect upon methodological choices in the two academic articles in terms of design of the research, data collection method, sampling and data collection, ethical aspects of the research, criteriology issues, problems or complications regarding the research etc. Articles in Discussion In the last 20 years, the world has become more globalized; consumerism has reached its pick, technological integration has revolutionized the concept of marketing promotion, evolution of interactive social media marketing took place and many other divergent occurrences happened. Same argument holds true for the research works of academic scholars regarding the topic â€Å"Confusion in Marketing†. ... In case of Balabanis & Craven’s (1997) academic article titled as â€Å"Consumer Confusion from Own Brand Lookalikes: An Exploratory Investigation†, the research objective was to understand how lookalikes from other brands or products having similar packaging, design and graphics as of leading brands creating confusion among customers. In case of Srivastava’s (2011) academic article titled as â€Å"Understanding brand identity confusion†, research objective was â€Å"to unveil the consumer perception about Cinthol (Indian bathing soap brand) and to understand the importance of brand identity of a product and the factors influencing it† (Srivastava, 2011, p. 340). To define consumer confusion regarding lookalike, Balabanis & Craven (1997) identified five different factors may that may invoke brand confusion among customers. However, previous researchers such as Foxman, Muehling & Berger (1990) and Foxman, Berger & Cote (1992) also identified similar kind of factors that may create confusion among customers regarding marketing practices of different marketers. Namely, five factors that can invoke marketing confusion are reason behind purchase, physical state of customers, physical environs or geographical position of the purchase, previous brand experience and temporal environment or time constraints. The academic article of Balabanis & Craven (1997) also considered the cognitive biasness model of Zaichkowsky (1985) and lack of consumer knowledge Sirdeshmukh & Unnava (1992) while understanding the source of consumer confusion regarding lookalikes. As research findings, academic article of Balabanis & Craven (1997) found that consumer confusion to lookalikes were only limited

The benefits of Globalisation and International Trade

The benefits of Globalisation and International Trade Every coin has two sides, something like that in globalisation. We can see two sides; one is about the opportunities and second is the threats. Opportunities are the plus point for our organisation, but threats are not good for our organisation, thats why we need to knows the threats and devise strategies against the threats. In my assignment I will mention and explain here threats and organisations strategy in globalisation. Benefits of Globalisation Increase in Opportunities The opportunities for people increase by a large amount as the there is availability of large number of industries and resources. Globalisation makes more job opportunities for peoples this also opens the way for many people to moving abroad. Altimetry immigration rates increase as well. Thus it can say that this is the chance for many people to grow their economical and social life. For example, increase development in BPO sector in India there is more opportunity is now available for Indian public. competitive advantages for coca-cola company: An advantage of firm  has  over its competitors, allowing it  to generate greater sales or margins and/or  retain more customers than its competition.  There can be many types of competitive advantages including  the firms  cost structure, product offerings,  distribution network and customer support. For example, Pepsi is continually trying to maximize profits, minimize losses, and gaining more market share. Competitive advantage makes coca-cola stand out from its strong competitors such as Coca-Cola. Economies of Scale: If countries can specialise in certain goods they can benefit from economies of scale and lower average costs, this is especially true in industries with high fixed costs or that require high levels of investment. The benefits of economies of scale will ultimately lead to lower prices for consumers. For example, in UK the 10,000 mobile is made by 100 people and the cost of production is came 100,000 while in China same people make 50,000 mobile with same production cost. Challenges of Globalisation POLITICAL: In the overseas country you want to examine political policy for that organisation, which is coming from outside of their country because if the policy is rood and not in favour of good business environment, we cant expand our business in that country. We want also know the political stability of that country. Because if the government is working with other political parties, means in a situation of hung parliament they cannot taking decisions freely because of different thinking and different opinion. In this situation we want to change our strategies and change the country for our business. EXAMPLE: In India Enron project of UK established in west Bengal. It was a very big project. But because of internal politics project was stuck-down and company has got very big loss in very short time. After that they have left the project. Thats why we need to examine political stability and their behaviour for business environment. CULTURE: Culture is a main thing for every organization in the world. Like, dislike, different thinking, different languages, different food, different environment and different body structure Organization has to set their business in different condition. So they want train their employee, or select the employee of that country who are used to from it. EXAMPLE: In Pakistan their religious did not allow their women to wear fashionable cloths so the manufacture of fashion cloths are suffer for running their business successfully in Pakistan. DIFFERENT GOVERNMENT SYSTEM: Its a matter of low. Low about the tax, low about the income, and low about the government policy should be permanently. If we established our organization and after that they will change the low, we will affected by that and we will getting loss or our organization will collapse. Second thing is that before the business expands in other country we want to know the lows very well. EXAMPLE: If wine company established their organization in overseas country. But because of some reason government makes a new low against the wine. After that company or organization will collapsed. Question 2 Organisational Structure In an organization of any size or complexity, employees responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. Over time these definitions are assigned to positions in the organization rather than to specific individuals. The relationships among these positions are designed graphically in an organizational chart. The best organizational structure for any organization depends on many factors including the work it does; its size in terms of employees, revenue, and the geographic dispersion of its facilities; and the range of its businesses. As per globalisation there are mainly two structures are present. This structure is as: Divisional structure Matrix structure Network structure Mainly global company is use divisional structure for the organisation. There are two types of divisional structure means that the division is done by two different methods as, product division structure and geographical division structure. In product structure the division is done be product wise while in geographical structure the division is done by global region wise. But in general all structure has chairman, CEO, president, managers, etc. are in a proper manner which help organisation or company to achieve their goals. Based on net revenue, PepsiCo is the second largest food beverage business in the world which uses geographical structure. Within North America, PepsiCo is ranked (by net revenue) as the largest food and beverage business. Geographical division Structure Organizations that are spread over a wide area may find advantages in organizing along geographic lines so that all the activities performed in a region are managed together. In a large organization, simple physical separation makes centralized coordination more difficult. Also, important characteristics of a region may make it advantageous to promote a local focus. For example, marketing a product in Western Europe may have different requirements than marketing the same product in Southeast Asia. Companies that market products globally sometimes adopt a geographic structure. In addition, experience gained in a regional division is often excellent training for management at higher levels. From above structure of PepsiCo, inc. we can see that division is done in geographical region. At the top of the structure the chairman, president and CEO is president. And at the bottom of structure there is a different department like HRM, Finance, Manufacturing and Marketing. The person of bottom line has to report at the top persons. PepsiCo, Incorporated is a Fortune 500, American global corporation headquartered in Purchase, Harrison, New York, with interests in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since expanded from its namesake product Pepsi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which include an acquisition of Tropicana in 1998 and a merger with Quaker Oats in 2001 which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio as well. As of 2009, 19 of PepsiCos product lines generated retail sales of more than $1 billion each and the companys products were distributed across more than 200 countries, resulting in annual net revenues of $43.3 billion. This structure has been developed with as few layers between manufacturer, the dealer and the customer. By removing layers and giving leaders increased accountability, PepsiCo, inc. allow them to move faster and focus on what needs to be done. Section B Question 2: Business Ethics Ethics and compliance play a tremendous factor in the overall success of an organization. They are excellent tactics for building organizational trust and transparency. Ethics and compliance empowers the organization to minimize risk and maximize your culture of integrity. Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola The Pepsi-Cola company is strongly committed to delivering sustained growth through empowered people acting responsibly and building trust, (PepsiCo Inc.,  2010). Pepsi-Cola aspires to be a environmentally and socially responsible company and upholds their commitment with six guiding principles: Take care of the customers and consumers; sell high quality products; always speak the truth; equally balance both short-term and long-term goals; win with both inclusion and diversity, and always respect others and succeed as a team. The compliance committee is responsible for managing Pepsi-Colas compliance program, using issue resolution strategies and making recommendations to support them. The Chief Compliance Official and Vice President, lead the Pepsi-Cola compliance program, and chairs Pepsi-Colas compliance committee. The compliance is broken down into four sub-committees. These subcommittees include: Anti-trust- which focuses on the organizations sales; Safety and Environment- which focuses on operations, fleet, plants, and the personnel that staffs them; Human Resources- which primarily relates to labour issues and employment; Finance- which encompasses all financial integrity, recent overlay of Sarbanes-Oxley, and the requirements that has been placed on the company. PepsiCo Procedures Ensuring Ethical Behaviour PepsiCo is committed to strict corporate standards to ensure accountability for the company actions. This is evident by the many corporate governance standards in place. The processes and policies that are in place include the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, Audit Committee Charter, By-Laws, Compensation Committee Charter, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Disclosure Committee Charter, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter, and the Policy for Audit, Audit-Related and Non-Audit Services. The Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation states the guidelines of the incorporation process regarding PepsiCo Inc. This includes the proper name of the company; that the company is to have perpetual existence; the official address; and the purpose of the organization being incorporated along with the product description as stated by North Carolina law (PepsiCo Inc.,  2010). The Audit Committee charter is the charter that handles the financial governance. It is made up of independent directors that have expertise in financial literacy, which guide and monitor the financial reporting and accounting policies of the company (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). The next area of governance is the company by-laws. The by-laws are the rules and procedures the company uses to run the company. These by-laws also document the expectations of the shareholders, officers, and directors of the company and the rights and power of each position (PepsiCo inc., 2010). Along with setting the rights and pow ers of the executive branch of the company is the need for monitoring and setting policies on compensation; therefore, the compensation committee charter was put into place. This committee is made up of entirely independent directors (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). It is important to implement successful ethics and compliance guidelines in any organization. PepsiCo utilizes compliance committees and guidelines which help to take the guesswork out of building risk reduction and setting forth standards of the highest ethical standards to ensure that the organization is running at optimal effectiveness comprehensively. These committees helps the organization to also meet unique ethics and compliance requirements that delivers sustained growth through empowered people acting responsibly and building trust. Question 2 Recommendation and Regulation of Corporate Governance Corporate governance is a set of relationship between a companys management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance provides a structure in favour of organisational objective, means they can set the structure with objectives and they can monitor the performance as well. Good corporate governance should provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interest of the company and shareholders and should facilitate effective monitoring, thereby encouraging firms or companies to use resources more efficiently. Corporate governance means The system by which companies is directed and controlled (Cadbury report, 1992) Implement a suitable recommendations and regulations in an organisation for the organisational objectives. The Cadbury committee has four recommendations for good corporate governance. The responsibilities of directors: The primary objectives of the Directors of the Board of Directors (the Board) of General Motors Company (GM or the Company) are to: 1) identify individuals qualified to serve as members of the Board and, where appropriate, recommend individuals to be nominated by the Board for election by the stockholders or to be appointed by the Board to fill vacancies consistent with the criteria approved by the Board; (2) develop and periodically review and assess a set of corporate governance guidelines applicable to the Company and make appropriate recommendations to the Board for adoption and, where appropriate, modification of such principles; (3) oversee an annual evaluation of the performance of the Board; (4) recommend to the Board the compensation of directors; and (5) perform a leadership role in shaping the Companys corporate governance practices and provide oversight with respect to its corporate governance conduct. The case for establishing audit committee: The purpose of the audit committee is to assist the General Motors board of directors in its oversight of the integrity of GMs financial statements, GMs compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the qualifications and independence of the external auditors and the performance of GMs internal audit staff and external auditors. The committee shall: Independently and objectively monitor the effectiveness of GMs financial reporting process and systems of disclosure controls and internal controls; Review and appraise the audit process of GMs external auditors and internal audit staff; Provide for open, ongoing communications regarding GMs financial position and affairs between the Board and the external auditors, GMs financial and senior management, and GMs internal audit staff; Review GMs policies and compliance procedures regarding ethics and legal risk; Oversee the preparation of the Audit Committee Report for the annual proxy statement (to the extent applicable); and Provide periodic status reports to the Board. The principal responsibilities of auditors: Discuss with management and the external auditors the annual audited financial statements and quarterly financial statements (to the extent applicable) prior to filing. This will include Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and GMs earnings announcements, including the use of pro forma or adjusted non GAAP information, as well as financial information and earnings guidance provided to analysts and rating agencies, and the results of the external auditors reviews. These discussions may be general, covering the type of information to be disclosed and presentation to be made, and need not take place in advance. The Committee may be represented by the Chair or a subcommittee to review earnings announcements. Companies Act 2006: This regulation was reviewed in 2002 and it was implementing in late 2006. The main aim was improvement of corporate governance in UK. They add some new provisions which effect to shareholders, directors, auditors and company Secretaries. The act draws on the findings of the company law review proposal. The main point is as follow. . Good communication with shareholders through electronic communication system by company. . Service address of directors can be on public record instead of their home address. . Shareholders are not fully responsible for directors liability. . .Articles of association is carrying simple for private company. . Company secretary is not necessary in private company. . AGM of private company hold in some situation. . Shareholders will get all information more regular. . Institutional investors to disclose how they can use their vote Financial Services Authority: This regulation was reviewed in September 2006 by Financial Service Authority. Area of discussed was- corporate governance, continuing obligations and the financial information. The Turner review was published in 2009.The points were risk free remuneration policy, increase the independence of risk management functions and none executive directors required a skill and time commitment to effectively perform their role. Conclusion In the global business world the strategy and resources are not enough to fulfil organisational objectives. Along with the benefit globalisation has some drawback as well. Business needs good corporate governance effective business ethics and appropriate organisational structure. All these factors push organisation objectives towards success.