SLP 4 Medicare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SLP 4 Medicare - Essay Example Medicare Part A is government issued hospitalization insurance. Patients with Part A coverage have benefits that pay a portion of inpatient hospital stays, or long-term alternative care stays like skilled nursing facilities for lengthy recoveries, or hospice for terminally ill patients. Part A "is funded by a 2.9 percent payroll tax which is directed to the Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund account" (McClellan, 2000). Medicare Part B is supplemental. Eligible participants receive 80 percent of allowed outpatient charges covered. These services include office visits, lab work, x-rays, etc. According to the same McClellan study, "About three-fourths of the Supplemental Medical Insurance program is funded by general federal revenues and one-fourth by a beneficiary premium" (McClellan, 2000). He added that by 2009, Part B would see the most significant growth of all Medicare programs. Thanks to the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act MMA) of 2003, senior citizens became eligible for Medicare Part D, which pays a portion of prescription charges. Quoting Gluck, 1999, McClellan writes, "Total spending on prescription drugs averages around $1,000 per beneficiary" (McClellan, 2000). ... There is evidence that "long-term financial imbalances in the Medicare system make some sort of Medicare reform inevitable," (Cutler and Sheiner, 2000) but all is not lost. Cutler and Sheiner argue that people need only save a little more to balance the benefits that may be lost in the future. According to them, Medicare benefits could be cut by 40-60 percent, but private savings and the purchase of a supplemental insurance would leave future beneficiaries in the same financial position that current beneficiaries are in. Lee and Skinner, however, don't agree that those numbers can be crunched so easily. Their opinion is that with a declining mortality rate, and an uncertain number of births in the future, the population of persons aged 65 and older will have tripled by 2070. With that in mind, they see increasing the Medicare eligible age from 65 to 67, and an "immediate 2 percentage point increase in the Social Security payroll tax" (Lee and Skinner) as a better way to avoid a "Medi care bust in the next century." About $200 billion was spent in 1996 for Medicare recipients (Newhouse, 1996). He estimated that a $122 billion Medicare surplus in 1996 would be a $444 billion deficit by 2006. Newhouse's ideas for decreasing Medicare spending were to get on the Clinton administration's bandwagon and require that Medicare recipients use Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) to remain competitive. Newhouse also suggested the use of Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs), which allow employees to set money aside from each paycheck, on a pre-tax basis, to help cover or reduce costs. Newhouse claims that implementing MSAs prior to retirement could save 25 percent, if current spending trends hold. This is especially true, according to him, of workers who

Consumer research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer research - Essay Example The researcher has found that body knowledge regarding â€Å"Confusion in Marketing† or consumer confusion regarding marketing practices has been developed in the past 30 years or more. At this point, it would be rational to think that researchers from various background and time periods have conducted research on various aspects of the topic in last 30 years. In such background, the researcher has selected two academic articles addressing two different dimensions of the topic â€Å"Confusion in Marketing† and in the next section, the essay will identify, label, compare, analyze and reflect upon methodological choices in the two academic articles in terms of design of the research, data collection method, sampling and data collection, ethical aspects of the research, criteriology issues, problems or complications regarding the research etc. Articles in Discussion In the last 20 years, the world has become more globalized; consumerism has reached its pick, technological integration has revolutionized the concept of marketing promotion, evolution of interactive social media marketing took place and many other divergent occurrences happened. Same argument holds true for the research works of academic scholars regarding the topic â€Å"Confusion in Marketing†. ... In case of Balabanis & Craven’s (1997) academic article titled as â€Å"Consumer Confusion from Own Brand Lookalikes: An Exploratory Investigation†, the research objective was to understand how lookalikes from other brands or products having similar packaging, design and graphics as of leading brands creating confusion among customers. In case of Srivastava’s (2011) academic article titled as â€Å"Understanding brand identity confusion†, research objective was â€Å"to unveil the consumer perception about Cinthol (Indian bathing soap brand) and to understand the importance of brand identity of a product and the factors influencing it† (Srivastava, 2011, p. 340). To define consumer confusion regarding lookalike, Balabanis & Craven (1997) identified five different factors may that may invoke brand confusion among customers. However, previous researchers such as Foxman, Muehling & Berger (1990) and Foxman, Berger & Cote (1992) also identified similar kind of factors that may create confusion among customers regarding marketing practices of different marketers. Namely, five factors that can invoke marketing confusion are reason behind purchase, physical state of customers, physical environs or geographical position of the purchase, previous brand experience and temporal environment or time constraints. The academic article of Balabanis & Craven (1997) also considered the cognitive biasness model of Zaichkowsky (1985) and lack of consumer knowledge Sirdeshmukh & Unnava (1992) while understanding the source of consumer confusion regarding lookalikes. As research findings, academic article of Balabanis & Craven (1997) found that consumer confusion to lookalikes were only limited