Fmcg Sector Essay Example

Fmcg Sector Essay Dissertation Report On Buying Behaviour for FMCG SUBMITTED TOWARDS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT (Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India) ACADEMIC SESSION 2011 – 2012 [pic] Submitted By: Krishn Kumar Sharma DM-1119 Batch 2011-2013 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. SARJUE PANDITA AJAY KUMAR GARG INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT 27Km Stone, Delhi-Hapur Bypass Road, P. O. Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad-201009 Acknowledgement I dedicate this page to all those who have silently or actively left indelible mark on my project report, so that they may give credits which richly deserve. Talent capabilities are of course necessary but opportunities right guidance is two very important backups without which any person cannot climb the ladder for success. Proper guidance and direction is required in order to achieve the goal making optimum of each every opportunity. I am thankful from the core of my heart express my feeling of gratitude and acknowledgement to my Project Mentor Mrs Namita Nath Kumar.. Whose constant support and faith in me always motivated me and their knowledge and brilliance has pulled me out of doldrums in this project. Mundane words are not enough to express our indebtedness towards other Faculty of AKGIM Ghaziabad† whose enormous assistance helped us in the completion of project. Krishn Kumar Sharma DM1119 PREFACE Today companies must urgently and critically rethink their business mission and marketing strategies . We will write a custom essay sample on Fmcg Sector specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fmcg Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fmcg Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Instead of operating in a market place of fixed and known competition and stable consumer preferences, today companies work in war zone of rapidly changing customer/competitor, new law, managed trade policy and diminishing customer loyalty. Company considers the fact that today customer face a plenitude of product every category. Consider that customer exhibit varying and diverse requirement for product service combination and prices. In face of their vast choices, customer will gravitate to offering that best meet their individual needs and expectation. Therefore it is not surprising that today’s winning companies are those who succeed in satisfying their target customer . If they can’t bring something special to get market. They will not last long. The companies should be market focused and consumer driven. They pay extreme attention to quality and service to meeting and even exceeding customer expectation Table of Content |S. No. |Topics |Page No. |1 |Executive Summary |01-05 | |2 |Introduction Of Company |06-36 | |3 |Research Objective |37-38 | |4 |Research Methodology |39-41 | |5 |Analysis of Questionnaire |42-56 | |6 |Findings |57-59 | |7 |Recommendations |60-61 | |8 |Conclusion |61-62 | |9 |Limitations of Study |63-65 | |10 |References |66-67 | |11 |Annexures |68-72 | Table of Content 1. Executive summary 1-1 2. Introduction 2-3 3. Overview of FMCG 3 4. FMCG in 2006 4 5. Comparison between FMCG in 2005 2006 4-5 6. Sector’s outlook 5-7 7. Scope of FMCG 8 8. Growth prospects 8-11 9. Top players in FMCG sector 11 10. Secondary players 12 11. Review of literature 12-14 12. Research objectives 15 13. Research methodology 16-19 14. Panoramic View 20-22 15. Income based classification 23-24 16. Socio – economic classification 25-28 17. Age demographics 28-29 18. Geographical dispersion 30 19. Analysis 31-60 20. Conclusion 61-62 21. Suggestions recommendations 63 22. References 64-65 23. Questionnaire 24. 66-68 01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this research I have put an effort to understand the buying behavior of the consumers towards FMCG products. 1. In this report, I have first of all given a brief review about FMCG sector as a whole. 2. Then she has given a review of the findings of some of the researches that has already been conducted by various researchers. 3. Then she has enumerated her research objectives. 4. Then she has given the panoramic view regarding the topic. 5. Then she has described her research methodology i. e. , the sample unit, sample size, sampling region, sampling procedure that she has used in her report. 6. She has used stratified random sampling as her sampling procedure. 7. Then she has analyzed the data which was collected by a questionnaire. 8. Then she has concluded the findings of the survey. 9. Then finally, she has given few suggestions recommendations regarding the topic. Introduction There was a time when the FMCG companies ignores rural market, they took no any interest to produced or sell products in rural market in India. It was the initial stage of FMCG companies in India. As per as the time had passed, the strategy and marketing style of FMCG companies had been changed. The rural market is the one of the best opportunity for the FMCG sector in the India. It is wider and less competitive market for the FMCG. As the income level of the rural consumers increasing, the demand of FMCG is increasing continuously. Fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) are popularly named as consumer packaged goods. Items in this category include all consumables (other than groceries/pulses) people buy at regular intervals. The most common in the list are toilet soaps, detergents, shampoos, tooth paste, shaving products, shoe polish, packaged food stuff, household accessories, extends to certain electronic goods. These items are meant for daily or frequent consumption have a high return. A major portion of the monthly budget of each household is reserved for FMCG products. The volume of products circulated in the economy against FMCG products is very high, as the number of products the consumer uses, is comparatively very high. Competition in FMCG sector is very high resulting in high pressure on margins. FMCG companies maintain intense distribution network. Companies spend a large portion of their budget on maintaining distribution networks. New entrants who wish to bring their products in the national level need to invest huge sums of money on promoting brands. Manufacturing can be outsourced. A recent phenomenon in the sector was entry of multinationals and cheaper imports. Also the market is more pressurized with presence of local players in rural areas and state brands. Overview of FMCG Sector FMCG is an acronym for Fast Moving Consumer Goods, which refer to things that we buy from local supermarkets on daily basis, the things that have high turnover are relatively cheaper. FMCG in 2006 After 4 years of dull performance in both revenues profits, FMCG sector has now, i. e. , since 2005, gained the momentum, principally because of the smaller companies that have substantially improved their market shares at the cost of larger players, in some cases, the regional players. If we carefully observe the FMCG index BSE index, we would realize that the returns on money invested in FMCG index are much lower than the returns in benchmark index. The FMCG sector has under performed the benchmark BSE sensex in 2006. Though both the indices were close to each other till august 2006, however, in the later part of the year the sensex surpassed the FMCG index by a reasonable margin. Comparison of 2006 and 2005 After two years of sinking performance of FMCG sector, the year 2005 has witnessed the FMCG’s demand growing. Strong growth was seen across various segments in FY06. With the rise in disposable income and the economy in good health, the urban consumers continued with their shopping spree. The rural demand grew at around 11%, while both the urban and rural sector together registered a growth of around 8%. Packets and sachets contributed to the highest growth in rural areas. Growth in FMCG depends on two factors: †¢ Increase in penetration and consumption in rural areas †¢ Change in aspirations and tastes of the urban population Both these factors contributed to growth in 2006. Besides demand, prices also increased, because of which only the selected consumers moved up in the value chain. The large format retail stores in metros also stimulated sales, even if on a very small base. Some companies absorbed higher input prices, while others were able to pass on the cost to the consumers. Sector’s Outlook FMCG is the fourth largest sector in the Indian Economy with a total market size of Rs. 60,000 crores. FMCG sector generates 5% of total factory employment in the country and is creating employment for three million people, especially in small towns and rural India. According to a CII – A T Kearney Report, the FMCG sector in India is expected to grow at a compounded growth rate (CAGR) of 9% to a size of Rs. 1,43,000 crores by 2010 from Rs. 93,000 crores at present. With a growth of 52. 5%, the BSE FMCG index has, during the last 1 year outperformed the sensex, which could manage a growth of 41% only. A well established distribution network, intense competition between the organized unorganized segments, low operating costs, strong branding characterizes the market. The large consumer base, particularly in rural sector, and the growing middle class open up huge opportunities to FMCG companies to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products. The sectors lack-luster performance in the last few years was due to price competition and increase in raw materials cost. However, in the FY06, the sector has witnessed a double-digit growth in profits and revenues. The sector has registered an up trend in growth across categories, such as health supplement, shampoo, toothpaste, hair oils, and mosquito repellant, as shown in table below: Sales Value Growth % |Categories |2004-2005 |2005-2006 |Apr. 2006-Sept. 006 | |Health Supplement (Chyawanprash) |-5% |0% |23% | |Shampoo |10% |23% |19% | |Toothpaste |5% |6% |16% | |Hair Oils |9% |18% |23% | |Mosquito Repellant |13% |10% |29% | Source: CII – A T Kearney Report, (2000) Sector Financials |In millions | |   |31-03-2006 |31-03-2005 |31-03-2004 | |Net Sales |164,196 |148,241 |145,380 | |Sales Growth |10. 8% |2. 0% |- | |Profit after Tax |19,595 |17,001 |21,008 | |PAT Growth |16. 6% |-24. % |- | |Market Capitalization |74,746 |65,810 |63,072 | |Enterprise Value |662,540 |645,477 |551,971 | |Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) |47. 1% |51. 0% |45. 5% | |P/E Ratio |26. 7% |27. 1% |21. 0% | Source: CII – A T Kearney Report, (2000) Scope of the FMCG Sector The Indian FMCG sector has a market size of US $13. 1 billion. FMCG sector is expected to grow by over 60% by 2010. That will translate into an annual growth of 10% over a period of 5 years. It has been estimated that FMCG sector will rise from around Rs. 56,500 crores in 2005 to Rs. 92,100 crores in 2010. Hair care, household care, male grooming, female hygiene, the chocolates confectionary categories are estimated to be the fastest growing segments, says an HSBC Report. Though the sector witnessed a slower growth in 2002 – 04, it has been to make a fine recovery since then. For example, Hindustan Levers Limited (HLL) has shown a healthy growth in the last quarter. An estimated double-digit growth over the next few years shows that the good times are likely to continue. Growth Prospects With the presence of 12. 2% of the world population in the villages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sector will boost rural incomes, hence providing better growth prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply chain. FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from growing demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for almost all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. And if the companies are able to change the mindset of the consumers, i. e. f they are able to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the near future. It is expected that the rural income will rise in 2007, boosting purchasing power in the countryside . However, the demand in urban areas would be the key growth driver over the long term. Also, increase in the urban population, along with increase in income levels and the availability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption, with rural India accounting for the remaining 34%. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as personal care, fabric care, and hot beverages. In urban areas, home and personal care category, including skin care, household care and feminine hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates. Within the foods segment, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas. Indian Competitiveness and Comparison with the World Markets: The following factors make India a competitive player in FMCG sector: 1. Availability of raw materials Because of the diverse agro-climatic conditions in India, there is a large raw material base suitable for food processing industries. India is the largest producer of livestock, milk, sugarcane, coconut, spices and cashew and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat and fruits . India also produces caustic soda and soda ash, which are required for the production of soaps and detergents. The availability of these raw materials gives India the location advantage. 2. Labor cost comparison [pic] Low cost labor gives India a competitive advantage. Indias labor cost is amongst the lowest in the world, after China Indonesia. Low labor costs give the advantage of low cost of production. Many MNCs have established their plants in India to outsource for domestic and export markets. 3. Presence across value chain Indian companies have their presence across the value chain of FMCG sector, right from the supply of raw materials to packaged goods in the food-processing sector. This brings India a more cost competitive advantage. For example, Amul supplies milk as well as dairy products like cheese, butter, etc. Top Players in FMCG Sector 1. Hindustan lever limited (HLL) 2. ITC (Indian Tobacco Company) 3. Nestle India 4. GCMMF (AMUL) 5. Dabur India 6. Asian Paints (India) 7. Cadbury India 8. Britannia Industries 9. Procter Gamble Hygiene Health Care 10. Marico Industries Secondary Players 1. Colgate-Palmolive (India) Ltd. 2. Godrej Consumers Product Ltd. 3. Nirma Ltd. 4. Tata Tea Ltd. 5. Parle Agro 6. H. J. Heinz Review of Literature Rural market is one of the best opportunities for the FMCG sector. In some sense we can say that rural market is future of FMCG. 1. Basu Purba (2004), suggested that the lifestyle of rural consumers is changing. Rural Indian market and the marketing strategy have become the latest marketing buzzword for most of the FMCG majors. She added the strategies of different FMCG companies for capturing rural market like Titan’s Sonata watches, Coco Cola’s 200ml bottle, different strategies of HUL and Marico etc. She takes into consideration the study of National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER). According to the NCAER projections, the number of middle and high-income households in rural area is expected to grow from 140 million to 190 million by 2007. In urban India, the same is expected to grow from 65 million to 79 million. Thus, the absolute size of rural India is expected to be double that of urban India. 2. Tognatta Pradeep (2003), suggested that, the economic growth in Indias agricultural sector in last year was over 10%, compared with 8. 5% in the industrial sector. This implies a huge market potentiality for the marketer to meet up increasing demand. Factors such as village psyche, strong distribution network and market awareness are few prerequisites for making a dent in the rural markets. The model is of the stolid Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever Group, which has enjoyed a century-long presence in India through its subsidiary Hindustan Lever Ltd. It was Hindustan Lever that several years ago popularized the idea of selling its products in tiny packages. Its sachets of detergent and shampoo are in great demand in Indian villages. Britannia with its low priced Tiger brand biscuits has become some of the success story in rural marketing. 3. Aithal, K Rajesh (2004), suggested that rural markets are an important and growing market for most products and services including telecom. The characteristics of the market in terms of low and spread out population and limited purchasing power make it a difficult market to capture. The Bottom of the pyramid marketing strategies and the 4 As model of Availability, Affordability, Acceptability and Awareness provide us with a means of developing appropriate strategies to tackle the marketing issues for marketing telecom services in rural areas. Successful cases like the Grameen Phone in Bangladesh and Smart Communications Inc in Philippines also provide us with some guidelines to tackling the issue. As per my concern of the research, it is a detail study of different FMCG products used by rural consumers. It will provide detail information about consumer preferences towards a good number of FMCG products which is too unique and different from those above researches. Research objectives †¢ To understand the demand pattern of FMCG products in the rural market. †¢ To know the amount of household income spent on the consumption of FMCG products. †¢ To understand the image of the products in the eyes of the consumers. Research methodology Data collection Sample unit: 1. working people (including men women) 2. college students 3. school students 4. senior citizens Sample size: 1. working people: 32% 2. college students: 29% 3. school students: 23% 4. senior citizens: 16% Sampling region: 1. The researcher has selected LUCKNOW, the Capital city of Uttar Pradesh as her area of study. 2. She has chosen GOMTI NAGAR, MAHANAGAR, ALIGANJ as her areas of research. In these areas she can easily meet working people (both male female), school students, college students senior citizens. The population status of these areas can be shown in a tabulated manner, which is given as follows: Area |Population | |Gomti Nagar |12,97,570 | |Mahanagar |8,12,230 | |Aliganj |8,75,640 | Population is in approximate figures. Source: http://www. upgov. nic. in/upinfo/census01/cen01-1. htm Note: As the examiner can see that the population of areas (areas that are chosen by the researcher) is very large, therefore the researcher has stratified the area. She has chosen various areas that come under these areas. The areas covered by the researcher in Gomti Nagar are Viram Khand, Vinamr Khand, Vibhuti Khand . the population level of these areas are: |Area |Population | |Vishwas Khand |2,83,563 | |Vipul Khand |3,93,768 | |Vivek Khand |2,86,786 | Source: Lucknow Development Authority Note: the researcher took these areas because these areas are near to various school colleges. The researcher took school college students as her sample unit. The areas covered by the researcher in Maha Nagar are Chandra Lok Mahanagar Colony. The population statuses of these areas are: |Area |Population | |Chandra Lok |2,34,863 | |Mahanagar Colony |3,84,683 | Source: Lucknow Development Authority Note: The researcher took these areas because there are various schools institutes nearby these places. The areas covered by the researcher in ALIGANJ are Jankipuram Sahara City. The population statuses of these areas are: |Area |Population | |Jankipuram |2,78,675 | |Sahara City |1,89,986 | Source: Lucknow Development Authority Note: The researcher took Aliganj as one of the areas for her study because she lives in jankipuram it was quite easy for her to conduct the survey in that particular place. Sampling procedure: The researcher will take stratified random sampling as the sampling procedure. Data collection method: 1. Primary data: it will be collected with the help of a self administered questionnaire. This questionnaire aims to gather information related to various Branded products. 2. Secondary data: it will be collected with the help of books, research papers, magazines, news papers, journals, internet, etc. Research instruments: Questionnaire design: As the questionnaire is self administrated one, the survey is kept simple and user friendly. Words used in questionnaire are readily understandable to all respondent. Also technical jargons are avoided to ensure that there is no confusion for respondents. Panoramic View India has a population of over 1 billion 4 climatic Zones. Several religious personal beliefs, 15 languages, different social customs food habits categorize Indian consumer class. Besides this, India is also different in culture if compared with other Asian countries. Therefore, India has high distinctiveness in demand and the companies in India can get lot of market opportunities for various classes of consumers. Consumer goods marketers’ experience that dealing with India is like dealing with many small markets at the same time. Indian consumer goods market is expected to reach $400 billion by 2010. India has the youngest population amongst the major countries. There are a lot of young people in India in different income categories. Consumer goods marketers are often faced with a dilemma regarding the choice of appropriate market segment. In India they do not have to face this dilemma largely because rapid urbanization, increase in demand, presence of large number of young population, any number of opportunities is available. The bottom line is that Indian market is changing rapidly and is showing unprecedented consumer business opportunity. As the restrictions on foreign investments were relaxed in 1991, Multi-National Companies have been entering India since then. |Market Size in $ million |Market Share in % | | | | |15 |Indian Companies |MNCs |Indian Companies |MNCs | | |1992 |2004 |1992 |2004 | |Breakfast cereals |2 |25 |100 |0 |52 |48 | |Wafers, potato |6 |35 |100 |0 |37 |63 | |chips | | | | | | | |Washing Machines |40 |570 |98 |2 |51 |49 | |TV |630 |3,030 |97 |3 |49 |51 | 1992 $=30 rupees 2004 $=45 rupees Source: Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) With a population of 1 billion people, India is a big market for FMCG companies. Around 70% of the total households in India reside in the rural areas. The total number of rural households is expected to rise from 135 m in 2002 to 153 m in 2010, which represents the largest potential market in the world. Rural and urban potential |   |Urban |Rural | |Population 2001-02 (m household) |53 |135 | |Population 2009-10 (m household) |69 |153 | |% Distribution (2001-02) |28 |72 | |Market (Towns/Villages) |3,768 |627,000 | Source: Statistical Outline of India (2001-02), NCAER Indian consumer class can be classified according to the following criteria: 1. Income 2. Socio-Economic status 3. Age demographics 4. Geographical dispersion Income based classification India has a population of 1. 095 billion people, comprising of 1/6th of the world population. Indias population can be divided into 5 groups on the basis of annual household income. These groups are: 1. Higher income 2. Upper middle income 3. Middle middle income 4. Lower middle income 5. Lower income The income classification does not represent a real scenario for an international business because the purchasing power of currencies differs significantly. The real purchasing power of Indian rupee is higher than the international exchange value. In addition to that, income classification is not an effective tool to ascertain consumption and ownership trends in the economy. Consumer Classification According to National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) there are 5 consumer classes that differ in their ownership patterns and consumption behavior across various segments of goods. |Consumer Classes |Annual Income in Rs. |1996 |2001 |2007 |Change | |The Rich |Rs. 215,000 and more |1. 2 |2. 0 |6. |416% | |The Consuming Class |Rs 45- 215,000 |32. 5 |54. 6 |90. 9 |179% | |The Climbers |Rs. 22-45,000 |54. 1 |71. 6 |74. 1 |37% | |The Aspirants |Rs. 16-22,000 |44 |28. 1 |15. 3 |-65% | |The Destitute |Below Rs. 16,000 |33 |23. 4 |12. 8 |-61% | |Total | |164. 8 |180. 7 |199. 2 |21% | Source: NCAER The 5 classes of consumer households (consumer classification) show the economic development across the country based on consumption trends. Socio economic classification In addition to income classification and consumer classification, Indian households can also be segmented according to the occupation and education levels of the chief earner of the household (the person who contributes most to the household expenses). This is called as Socio-economic Classification (SEC), which is mainly used by market planners to target market before launching their new products. SEC is made to understand the purchase behavior and the consumption pattern of the households. The urban area is segregated into: A1, A2, B1, B2, C, D, E1, E2 Socio-Economic Classification Occupation |Education | | |Illiterate |Less than 4 |5-9 yrs of |School certificate|Some college|Graduate |Post-graduate | | | |yrs in |school | | | | | | | |school | | | | | | |Skilled |E2 |E1 |D |C |C |B2 |B2 | |Unskilled |E2 |E2 |E1 | D |D |D |D | |Shop owner |D |D |C |B2 |B2 |A2 |A2 | |Petty trader |E2 |D |D |C |C |B2 |B2 | |Employer of- | |Above 10 persons |B1 |B1 |A2 |A2 |A1 |A1 |A1 | |Below 10 persons |C |B2 |B2 |B1 |A2 |A1 |A1 | |None |D |C |B2 |B1 |A2 |A1 |A1 | |Clerk |D |D |D |C |B2 |B1 |B1 | |Supervisor |D |D |C |C |B2 |B1 |A2 | |Professional |D |D |D |B2 |B1 |A2 |A1 | |Senior executive |B1 |B1 |B1 |B1 |A2 |A1 |A1 | |Junior executive |C |C |C |B2 |B1 |A2 |A2 | Source: Indian readership survey (IRS) Sections A B refer to High-class- constitutes over a quarter of urban population Sec C refers to Middle-class constitutes 21% of the urban population Sections D E refer to Low-class constitutes over half the urban population To understand the table, consider an example: A trader whose monthly household income (MHI) is more than that of a person in section A cannot be included in this SEC because his educational qualification or occupations do not qualify him for inclusion. Sec C constitutes households whose Chief Wage Earners are employed as: |Skilled workers |33% | |Petty traders |12% | |Clerk/Supervisor |37% | |Shop owners |18% | 3/4th of them have studied till 10th or 12th class while the remaining 1/4th have studied till 9th class. Less than half of the Chief Wage Earners of households belonging to sections D E are unskilled workers. Petty Traders are 18%, while Skilled Workers are about 28%. More than 80% of the population of upper strata consumers is living in the top 7 cities. Those top 7 cities are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, and Hyderabad. With increase in economic prosperity, this population (upper strata consumers) is growing at 10 percent annually. The rural area is segregated in to: R1, R2, R3, R4. |Education of chief wage |Type of House | |earner | | |Pucca |Semi-pucca |Kuchcha | |Professional degree |R1 |R2 |R3 | |Graduation/ PG |R1 |R2 |R3 | |College |R1 |R2 |R3 | |SSC/HSC |R2 |R3 |R3 | |Class 4-Class 9 |R3 |R3 |R4 | |Up to class 4 |R3 |R3 |R4 | |Self-learning |R3 |R4 |R4 | |Illiterate |R4 |R4 |R4 | Age demographics India is a very young nation, if compared with some advanced and developed countries. Nearly two- thirds of its population is below the age of 35, and nearly 50 % is below 25. Marketers explain that the boom in the consumption level and leisure related expenditure is because of this young population. It will have a significant impact over the consumer goods market. In addition to that, it is expected that this will generate trade opportunities and continuous investment in the economy. There is huge potential for further consumption of goods and services due to the increased level of disposable income. The expenditure on essential goods and services has a higher share in developing countries as compared with that of developed countries. Age distribution if Indian population (In Millions) |Year/ Age |2006 |2001 |1996 | |Below 4 yrs |113. 5 |108. 5 |119. 5 | |5-14 yrs |221. 2 |239. 1 |233. | |15-19 yrs |122. 4 |109. 0 |90. 7 | |20-34 yrs |279. 1 |246. 8 |224 | |35-54 yrs |239. 2 |207. 3 |178. 1 | |55 above |118. 7 |101. 7 |88. 7 | |Total |1094. 1 |1012. 4 |934. 2 | Consumption Trends Food Essentials |45. 68% | |Essential Services (water, power, rent, and fuels) |10. 1% | |Clothing |4. 9% | |Footwear |0. 63% | |Medicare |4. 25% | |Transport Communication |14. 1% | |Recreation, Education, and Culture |Less than 4% | |Home Goods |3. 25% | Geographical dispersion There is large difference in economic prosperity levels among several states in India, linked to the wea lth creation from trade, industrial, and agricultural development. There are poor districts in many states, classified according to their market potential. India has 500 districts, out of which 150 districts (category A) and next 150 districts (category B) account for 78% and 15% of the national market potential respectively. Remaining 200 districts (category C) are backward and account for only 7% of national market potential. Category C districts have 40% of the geographical share. Analysis 1. Which soap u prefer to use? The reaction of people towards various SOAP brands can be tabulated in the following manner: |Brands |Lux |Dettol |Lifebuoy |others | |Percentage |36 |22 |18 |24 | In the survey that the researcher conducted, it could easily be concluded that LUX, the product of HUL was highly in demand. LUX, the product of HUL covers 36% of the market share. After LUX, the other brands (EXCEPT LUX, DETTOL, LIFEBUOY) covers 24% of the market share. This is then followed by DETTOL, the product of RECKITT BENCKISER with a market share of 22%, which is then followed by LIFEBUOY, the product of HUL with a market share of 18%. This data can be graphically explained with the help of the following bar graph: [pic] 2. Which pack u prefer to use? In order to determine the income pattern of the consumers, it was necessary for the researcher to distribute the consumers on the basis of their demand for the various packs of SOAP brands available in the market. However, the reaction of people towards various packs of SOAP can be tabulated in the following manner: Packs of soaps |Single pack |Family pack (3 in 1) | |Percentage |56 |44 | In the survey that the researcher conducted, she tried to differentiate amongst people, with below average household income, average household income above household income. This classification can be done on the basis of the daily expenditure that people make. 56% consumers demand single pack. 44% consumers demand family packs i. e. 3 in 1 pack. This data can be graphically explained with the help of the following bar graph: [pic] 1. Which tea u prefer to use? The reaction of people towards various TEA brands can be tabulated in the following manner: Brands |Tata Tea |Brooke Bond |Taj Mahal

How to Write a Dissertation in Anthropology Complete Guide

How to Write a Dissertation in Anthropology Complete Guide Lots of students find writing a dissertation to be one of the most challenging and enjoyable parts of their anthropology course. It allows them to explore specific issues more widely or deeply and contribute to this interesting field of study. But many students also find sustaining a logical argument and maintaining good writing over such a long piece daunting because analyzing diverse material from archival and ethnographic research and finding ways to integrate it requires a lot of time and effort. To help you cope with such a complex research project, we created for you this ultimate guide to writing a dissertation in anthropology. We will discuss how to write an anthropology dissertation step-by-step and provide you with a short list of interesting research topic ideas. If you face problems with completing any other type of coursework assignments, explore our website where we have lots of full guides to all writing assignments out there. What Is Dissertation in Anthropology? Anthropology studies humans, human behavior, and societies in the past and presents. This branch of science studies both the biological features that make us human (such as genetic makeup, evolution, nutritional history, and psychology) and deals with social aspects (such as religion, family, culture, language, and politic). The goal of writing anthropology dissertation is to give students the opportunity to conduct an original research project. This way, you will be able to gain detailed knowledge of the existing literature, current research, and methods used in your chosen area. Anthropology dissertation is a complex task because it is expected to be a mature and competent piece of writing that embodies the results of significant and original research. Choosing an Interesting Anthropology Dissertation Topic There are 4 subfields in anthropology that focus on different topic areas: Sociocultural anthropology studies processes of social transformation and cultural change; Biological anthropology studies different aspects of human evolutionary biology; Archaeology studies material remains of the past cultural systems; Linguistic anthropology studies how people communicate and formulate language. When choosing a specific topic for your research, you should decide which subfield interests you most of all. For example, if you are interested in biological anthropology, you can write about topics related to human evolution. If you are passionate about sociocultural anthropology, you can focus on such topics as race, gender, and class inequality, family systems and demography, ideology and culture, gender relations or human ecology. Here are some interesting anthropology dissertation topics ideas to help you get started with your research. Implication of the Politics of Korean Comfort Women for East Asian Relationship; Impact of Colonial Morality on African Women; Linguistic Imperialism in Palestine; CouchSurfing Ethnography; Impact of Adopting Agriculture on Human History; Development of Written Language in Advanced Society; Sports in Modern American Culture; Concepts of Race and Gender in Chinese Biological Anthropology; Biology and Culture in Modern Anthropology; Anthropology of Online Communities; Anthropology of Money; Race and Ethnicity in Medical Anthropology; Anthropology and Global Health; Anthropology and World Culture Theory; Anthropological Interest in Old Age and Aging. Start with a broad topic and then do a preliminary research using relevant keywords to get a better idea of the existing literature and to identify gaps in the current research. Narrow your topic and formulate the research question. You need to create a research proposal for your dissertation and should make it as detailed as possible because the more care you devote to it, the more you will be able to use it as a resource. Writing a Research Proposal A research proposal for field- or library-based dissertation should briefly outline what you want to do, how you are going to do that, and why you think it’s important. Your proposal must also demonstrate that you have done preliminary research and are ready to start an independent research project. You should think about the contribution that your project can make to the anthropological knowledge in the chosen area. Typically, a research proposal includes such elements as introduction, background (research location and review of the existing literature), methodology, key dates and estimated budget, preliminary list of sources. If you manage to summarize the exact scope of study, it can serve you as a guide when you write the main chapters of your work. After you finish working on your main chapters, you can revise your proposal and use it as an introduction to your project. Anthropology Dissertation Outline Effective planning is essential for the success of your anthropology dissertation but actually it should be a continuous process during your writing. All dissertations look the same and include typical types of content. So, in your dissertation, you have to: Formulate a specific research question that your project has to answer; Analyze relevant literature in anthropology that relates to your question; Provide an independent research to address this question; Explain why you chose specific methods for your research; Present your original findings and discuss them. Before you start writing, draft a plan for your anthropology dissertation. It will serve you as a template and will help you organize your work. The structure of your dissertation may look like this: Introduction includes the research question or the hypothesis and the summary of the key arguments; Literature review contains review of the previous work relevant to your research question; Methodology section explains and justifies your choice of specific methods for doing investigation; Findings section presents key results of your research; Discussion chapter should relate your findings to the theoretical discussion in your literature review; Conclusions wraps up you have presented in your anthropology dissertation and provides recommendations for further research. Writing a Draft of an Anthropology Dissertation You should start writing your draft as early as possible and allow a lot of time for revisions after you have shown your first draft to your supervisor. Let’s discuss how to write separate sections. Abstract Abstract is an important element of the dissertation. It’s a brief summary of your research of about 300 words in length. This part of a dissertation is written last when you know exactly what you are summarizing. You need to tell what you did, how you did it and what results of your investigation and implications are. Introduction You should write your introduction in a way as if you are starting a new investigation. You need to provide a context to your topic, giving background information. After that, you should overview key arguments in current research related to your anthropology dissertation topic. Then, you need to identify the gap in the existing literature and formulate your research question or hypothesis that you will investigate in your dissertation. For example, if you are writing a dissertation about career women in modern Japan, your research question may look like this one: ‘Why do Japanese women pursue professional careers and how does that change their personalities?’ Finally, you should briefly outline the structure of your dissertation to give your readers a general idea of what they should expect to read. Literature Review When writing this chapter, you need to demonstrate that you know very well how your own piece of research fits into the overall context in your field. You also need to provide reports that critically overview the existing literature. The main thing is to find the gap in the contemporary literature that you would like to address in your dissertation. Your analysis of literature in this chapter should lead to clear statement of a specific problem that you will be addressing. If written correctly, this chapter established a framework in which you will analyze your research findings. Methods In this chapter, you need to explain how you carried your research and what techniques you used to gathere your data. This section occupies an important place in the whole structure of your anthropology dissertation because you have to present enough information for anyone who will read your dissertation to recreate similar techniques for gathering data to replicate your study. Don’t include any interviews or questionnaires that you have used while conducting your investigation. You just need to explain why you chose to apply some specific technique to collect data. Results Don’t confuse your findings with discussion like many students do. You need to present relevant results of your investigation related to your research question. All data must be organized in a logical and coherent way so you should put your research findings in the order that seems reasonable. Often research data can be presented in tables and charts that should be clearly labeled. It’s important to ensure that all data were derived from your research methods and that they fit your hypothesis or research question. Discussion In this chapter, you need to link your findings to the literature review. You should remind your readers once more about the objectives of your anthropology research and analyze the data that are directly relevant to the research question. You can tell what your original research added to the context and it can fill the gap in the existing research. Tell about the limitations of your research and report about the implications of your findings for anthropological theory. Conclusions You need to bring together all your work and tell about the extent to which all your objectives have been met. You must tell about the main points as they emerged and explain what they mean for anthropology as a subject. You should tell why your research is important and give some recommendations for further research. Besides, you should include a final paragraph that rounds off your dissertation in anthropology. Editing and Proofreading Your Anthropology Dissertation When you complete your first draft, you need to revise it and make changes to improve the content and the logic. You may need to add, delete or reorganize material. Only when you are completely satisfied with the content of your final draft, you should check it for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors and eliminate them. Check all your in-text citations and create a references list. Here are some tips that will help you effectively revise your anthropology dissertation: Don’t start revising your dissertation that you just finished writing. Take a break and put your paper aside for some time otherwise you may overlook some important issues in it. You may work on the computer if you like but many people prefer to edit and proofread on a printed copy. When revising your content, you need to make sure that your dissertation makes accurate claims, your argument is logical and supported by relevant evidence. Make sure that each paragraph has one main idea and a topic sentence. Look for patterns in your errors and develop special techniques for spotting and fixing such common mistakes. Try to keep editing and proofreading processes separate. When proofreading, use different techniques, for example, read your dissertation backwards, read every sentence separately etc. Tips on Conventions of Writing Anthropology Dissertation It’s preferable to use active voice but your dissertation can contain both active and passive voices. It’s important to use tenses consistently. Keep in mind that the present tense may convey the idea of false sense of authority. Your anthropology dissertation should be written in an elegant style where you mix complex sentences with shorter sentences. Feel free to use metaphors and other figures of speech but make sure that your writing is clear to your readers. Keep quotes in text to the minimum and always try to explain things using your own words. We strongly recommend that you should avoid long quotations and use your own words for explanation. We have discussed all the essential steps in writing a dissertation in anthropology. Follow our easy recommendations and proven tips and you are sure to successfully cope with such a lengthy and arduous project and make a great impression on the committee. If you need help with any other academic assignment, check other writing guides on our website.

SLP 4 Medicare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SLP 4 Medicare - Essay Example Medicare Part A is government issued hospitalization insurance. Patients with Part A coverage have benefits that pay a portion of inpatient hospital stays, or long-term alternative care stays like skilled nursing facilities for lengthy recoveries, or hospice for terminally ill patients. Part A "is funded by a 2.9 percent payroll tax which is directed to the Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund account" (McClellan, 2000). Medicare Part B is supplemental. Eligible participants receive 80 percent of allowed outpatient charges covered. These services include office visits, lab work, x-rays, etc. According to the same McClellan study, "About three-fourths of the Supplemental Medical Insurance program is funded by general federal revenues and one-fourth by a beneficiary premium" (McClellan, 2000). He added that by 2009, Part B would see the most significant growth of all Medicare programs. Thanks to the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act MMA) of 2003, senior citizens became eligible for Medicare Part D, which pays a portion of prescription charges. Quoting Gluck, 1999, McClellan writes, "Total spending on prescription drugs averages around $1,000 per beneficiary" (McClellan, 2000). ... There is evidence that "long-term financial imbalances in the Medicare system make some sort of Medicare reform inevitable," (Cutler and Sheiner, 2000) but all is not lost. Cutler and Sheiner argue that people need only save a little more to balance the benefits that may be lost in the future. According to them, Medicare benefits could be cut by 40-60 percent, but private savings and the purchase of a supplemental insurance would leave future beneficiaries in the same financial position that current beneficiaries are in. Lee and Skinner, however, don't agree that those numbers can be crunched so easily. Their opinion is that with a declining mortality rate, and an uncertain number of births in the future, the population of persons aged 65 and older will have tripled by 2070. With that in mind, they see increasing the Medicare eligible age from 65 to 67, and an "immediate 2 percentage point increase in the Social Security payroll tax" (Lee and Skinner) as a better way to avoid a "Medi care bust in the next century." About $200 billion was spent in 1996 for Medicare recipients (Newhouse, 1996). He estimated that a $122 billion Medicare surplus in 1996 would be a $444 billion deficit by 2006. Newhouse's ideas for decreasing Medicare spending were to get on the Clinton administration's bandwagon and require that Medicare recipients use Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) to remain competitive. Newhouse also suggested the use of Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs), which allow employees to set money aside from each paycheck, on a pre-tax basis, to help cover or reduce costs. Newhouse claims that implementing MSAs prior to retirement could save 25 percent, if current spending trends hold. This is especially true, according to him, of workers who

Consumer research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer research - Essay Example The researcher has found that body knowledge regarding â€Å"Confusion in Marketing† or consumer confusion regarding marketing practices has been developed in the past 30 years or more. At this point, it would be rational to think that researchers from various background and time periods have conducted research on various aspects of the topic in last 30 years. In such background, the researcher has selected two academic articles addressing two different dimensions of the topic â€Å"Confusion in Marketing† and in the next section, the essay will identify, label, compare, analyze and reflect upon methodological choices in the two academic articles in terms of design of the research, data collection method, sampling and data collection, ethical aspects of the research, criteriology issues, problems or complications regarding the research etc. Articles in Discussion In the last 20 years, the world has become more globalized; consumerism has reached its pick, technological integration has revolutionized the concept of marketing promotion, evolution of interactive social media marketing took place and many other divergent occurrences happened. Same argument holds true for the research works of academic scholars regarding the topic â€Å"Confusion in Marketing†. ... In case of Balabanis & Craven’s (1997) academic article titled as â€Å"Consumer Confusion from Own Brand Lookalikes: An Exploratory Investigation†, the research objective was to understand how lookalikes from other brands or products having similar packaging, design and graphics as of leading brands creating confusion among customers. In case of Srivastava’s (2011) academic article titled as â€Å"Understanding brand identity confusion†, research objective was â€Å"to unveil the consumer perception about Cinthol (Indian bathing soap brand) and to understand the importance of brand identity of a product and the factors influencing it† (Srivastava, 2011, p. 340). To define consumer confusion regarding lookalike, Balabanis & Craven (1997) identified five different factors may that may invoke brand confusion among customers. However, previous researchers such as Foxman, Muehling & Berger (1990) and Foxman, Berger & Cote (1992) also identified similar kind of factors that may create confusion among customers regarding marketing practices of different marketers. Namely, five factors that can invoke marketing confusion are reason behind purchase, physical state of customers, physical environs or geographical position of the purchase, previous brand experience and temporal environment or time constraints. The academic article of Balabanis & Craven (1997) also considered the cognitive biasness model of Zaichkowsky (1985) and lack of consumer knowledge Sirdeshmukh & Unnava (1992) while understanding the source of consumer confusion regarding lookalikes. As research findings, academic article of Balabanis & Craven (1997) found that consumer confusion to lookalikes were only limited

The benefits of Globalisation and International Trade

The benefits of Globalisation and International Trade Every coin has two sides, something like that in globalisation. We can see two sides; one is about the opportunities and second is the threats. Opportunities are the plus point for our organisation, but threats are not good for our organisation, thats why we need to knows the threats and devise strategies against the threats. In my assignment I will mention and explain here threats and organisations strategy in globalisation. Benefits of Globalisation Increase in Opportunities The opportunities for people increase by a large amount as the there is availability of large number of industries and resources. Globalisation makes more job opportunities for peoples this also opens the way for many people to moving abroad. Altimetry immigration rates increase as well. Thus it can say that this is the chance for many people to grow their economical and social life. For example, increase development in BPO sector in India there is more opportunity is now available for Indian public. competitive advantages for coca-cola company: An advantage of firm  has  over its competitors, allowing it  to generate greater sales or margins and/or  retain more customers than its competition.  There can be many types of competitive advantages including  the firms  cost structure, product offerings,  distribution network and customer support. For example, Pepsi is continually trying to maximize profits, minimize losses, and gaining more market share. Competitive advantage makes coca-cola stand out from its strong competitors such as Coca-Cola. Economies of Scale: If countries can specialise in certain goods they can benefit from economies of scale and lower average costs, this is especially true in industries with high fixed costs or that require high levels of investment. The benefits of economies of scale will ultimately lead to lower prices for consumers. For example, in UK the 10,000 mobile is made by 100 people and the cost of production is came 100,000 while in China same people make 50,000 mobile with same production cost. Challenges of Globalisation POLITICAL: In the overseas country you want to examine political policy for that organisation, which is coming from outside of their country because if the policy is rood and not in favour of good business environment, we cant expand our business in that country. We want also know the political stability of that country. Because if the government is working with other political parties, means in a situation of hung parliament they cannot taking decisions freely because of different thinking and different opinion. In this situation we want to change our strategies and change the country for our business. EXAMPLE: In India Enron project of UK established in west Bengal. It was a very big project. But because of internal politics project was stuck-down and company has got very big loss in very short time. After that they have left the project. Thats why we need to examine political stability and their behaviour for business environment. CULTURE: Culture is a main thing for every organization in the world. Like, dislike, different thinking, different languages, different food, different environment and different body structure Organization has to set their business in different condition. So they want train their employee, or select the employee of that country who are used to from it. EXAMPLE: In Pakistan their religious did not allow their women to wear fashionable cloths so the manufacture of fashion cloths are suffer for running their business successfully in Pakistan. DIFFERENT GOVERNMENT SYSTEM: Its a matter of low. Low about the tax, low about the income, and low about the government policy should be permanently. If we established our organization and after that they will change the low, we will affected by that and we will getting loss or our organization will collapse. Second thing is that before the business expands in other country we want to know the lows very well. EXAMPLE: If wine company established their organization in overseas country. But because of some reason government makes a new low against the wine. After that company or organization will collapsed. Question 2 Organisational Structure In an organization of any size or complexity, employees responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. Over time these definitions are assigned to positions in the organization rather than to specific individuals. The relationships among these positions are designed graphically in an organizational chart. The best organizational structure for any organization depends on many factors including the work it does; its size in terms of employees, revenue, and the geographic dispersion of its facilities; and the range of its businesses. As per globalisation there are mainly two structures are present. This structure is as: Divisional structure Matrix structure Network structure Mainly global company is use divisional structure for the organisation. There are two types of divisional structure means that the division is done by two different methods as, product division structure and geographical division structure. In product structure the division is done be product wise while in geographical structure the division is done by global region wise. But in general all structure has chairman, CEO, president, managers, etc. are in a proper manner which help organisation or company to achieve their goals. Based on net revenue, PepsiCo is the second largest food beverage business in the world which uses geographical structure. Within North America, PepsiCo is ranked (by net revenue) as the largest food and beverage business. Geographical division Structure Organizations that are spread over a wide area may find advantages in organizing along geographic lines so that all the activities performed in a region are managed together. In a large organization, simple physical separation makes centralized coordination more difficult. Also, important characteristics of a region may make it advantageous to promote a local focus. For example, marketing a product in Western Europe may have different requirements than marketing the same product in Southeast Asia. Companies that market products globally sometimes adopt a geographic structure. In addition, experience gained in a regional division is often excellent training for management at higher levels. From above structure of PepsiCo, inc. we can see that division is done in geographical region. At the top of the structure the chairman, president and CEO is president. And at the bottom of structure there is a different department like HRM, Finance, Manufacturing and Marketing. The person of bottom line has to report at the top persons. PepsiCo, Incorporated is a Fortune 500, American global corporation headquartered in Purchase, Harrison, New York, with interests in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since expanded from its namesake product Pepsi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which include an acquisition of Tropicana in 1998 and a merger with Quaker Oats in 2001 which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio as well. As of 2009, 19 of PepsiCos product lines generated retail sales of more than $1 billion each and the companys products were distributed across more than 200 countries, resulting in annual net revenues of $43.3 billion. This structure has been developed with as few layers between manufacturer, the dealer and the customer. By removing layers and giving leaders increased accountability, PepsiCo, inc. allow them to move faster and focus on what needs to be done. Section B Question 2: Business Ethics Ethics and compliance play a tremendous factor in the overall success of an organization. They are excellent tactics for building organizational trust and transparency. Ethics and compliance empowers the organization to minimize risk and maximize your culture of integrity. Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola The Pepsi-Cola company is strongly committed to delivering sustained growth through empowered people acting responsibly and building trust, (PepsiCo Inc.,  2010). Pepsi-Cola aspires to be a environmentally and socially responsible company and upholds their commitment with six guiding principles: Take care of the customers and consumers; sell high quality products; always speak the truth; equally balance both short-term and long-term goals; win with both inclusion and diversity, and always respect others and succeed as a team. The compliance committee is responsible for managing Pepsi-Colas compliance program, using issue resolution strategies and making recommendations to support them. The Chief Compliance Official and Vice President, lead the Pepsi-Cola compliance program, and chairs Pepsi-Colas compliance committee. The compliance is broken down into four sub-committees. These subcommittees include: Anti-trust- which focuses on the organizations sales; Safety and Environment- which focuses on operations, fleet, plants, and the personnel that staffs them; Human Resources- which primarily relates to labour issues and employment; Finance- which encompasses all financial integrity, recent overlay of Sarbanes-Oxley, and the requirements that has been placed on the company. PepsiCo Procedures Ensuring Ethical Behaviour PepsiCo is committed to strict corporate standards to ensure accountability for the company actions. This is evident by the many corporate governance standards in place. The processes and policies that are in place include the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, Audit Committee Charter, By-Laws, Compensation Committee Charter, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Disclosure Committee Charter, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter, and the Policy for Audit, Audit-Related and Non-Audit Services. The Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation states the guidelines of the incorporation process regarding PepsiCo Inc. This includes the proper name of the company; that the company is to have perpetual existence; the official address; and the purpose of the organization being incorporated along with the product description as stated by North Carolina law (PepsiCo Inc.,  2010). The Audit Committee charter is the charter that handles the financial governance. It is made up of independent directors that have expertise in financial literacy, which guide and monitor the financial reporting and accounting policies of the company (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). The next area of governance is the company by-laws. The by-laws are the rules and procedures the company uses to run the company. These by-laws also document the expectations of the shareholders, officers, and directors of the company and the rights and power of each position (PepsiCo inc., 2010). Along with setting the rights and pow ers of the executive branch of the company is the need for monitoring and setting policies on compensation; therefore, the compensation committee charter was put into place. This committee is made up of entirely independent directors (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). It is important to implement successful ethics and compliance guidelines in any organization. PepsiCo utilizes compliance committees and guidelines which help to take the guesswork out of building risk reduction and setting forth standards of the highest ethical standards to ensure that the organization is running at optimal effectiveness comprehensively. These committees helps the organization to also meet unique ethics and compliance requirements that delivers sustained growth through empowered people acting responsibly and building trust. Question 2 Recommendation and Regulation of Corporate Governance Corporate governance is a set of relationship between a companys management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance provides a structure in favour of organisational objective, means they can set the structure with objectives and they can monitor the performance as well. Good corporate governance should provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interest of the company and shareholders and should facilitate effective monitoring, thereby encouraging firms or companies to use resources more efficiently. Corporate governance means The system by which companies is directed and controlled (Cadbury report, 1992) Implement a suitable recommendations and regulations in an organisation for the organisational objectives. The Cadbury committee has four recommendations for good corporate governance. The responsibilities of directors: The primary objectives of the Directors of the Board of Directors (the Board) of General Motors Company (GM or the Company) are to: 1) identify individuals qualified to serve as members of the Board and, where appropriate, recommend individuals to be nominated by the Board for election by the stockholders or to be appointed by the Board to fill vacancies consistent with the criteria approved by the Board; (2) develop and periodically review and assess a set of corporate governance guidelines applicable to the Company and make appropriate recommendations to the Board for adoption and, where appropriate, modification of such principles; (3) oversee an annual evaluation of the performance of the Board; (4) recommend to the Board the compensation of directors; and (5) perform a leadership role in shaping the Companys corporate governance practices and provide oversight with respect to its corporate governance conduct. The case for establishing audit committee: The purpose of the audit committee is to assist the General Motors board of directors in its oversight of the integrity of GMs financial statements, GMs compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the qualifications and independence of the external auditors and the performance of GMs internal audit staff and external auditors. The committee shall: Independently and objectively monitor the effectiveness of GMs financial reporting process and systems of disclosure controls and internal controls; Review and appraise the audit process of GMs external auditors and internal audit staff; Provide for open, ongoing communications regarding GMs financial position and affairs between the Board and the external auditors, GMs financial and senior management, and GMs internal audit staff; Review GMs policies and compliance procedures regarding ethics and legal risk; Oversee the preparation of the Audit Committee Report for the annual proxy statement (to the extent applicable); and Provide periodic status reports to the Board. The principal responsibilities of auditors: Discuss with management and the external auditors the annual audited financial statements and quarterly financial statements (to the extent applicable) prior to filing. This will include Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and GMs earnings announcements, including the use of pro forma or adjusted non GAAP information, as well as financial information and earnings guidance provided to analysts and rating agencies, and the results of the external auditors reviews. These discussions may be general, covering the type of information to be disclosed and presentation to be made, and need not take place in advance. The Committee may be represented by the Chair or a subcommittee to review earnings announcements. Companies Act 2006: This regulation was reviewed in 2002 and it was implementing in late 2006. The main aim was improvement of corporate governance in UK. They add some new provisions which effect to shareholders, directors, auditors and company Secretaries. The act draws on the findings of the company law review proposal. The main point is as follow. . Good communication with shareholders through electronic communication system by company. . Service address of directors can be on public record instead of their home address. . Shareholders are not fully responsible for directors liability. . .Articles of association is carrying simple for private company. . Company secretary is not necessary in private company. . AGM of private company hold in some situation. . Shareholders will get all information more regular. . Institutional investors to disclose how they can use their vote Financial Services Authority: This regulation was reviewed in September 2006 by Financial Service Authority. Area of discussed was- corporate governance, continuing obligations and the financial information. The Turner review was published in 2009.The points were risk free remuneration policy, increase the independence of risk management functions and none executive directors required a skill and time commitment to effectively perform their role. Conclusion In the global business world the strategy and resources are not enough to fulfil organisational objectives. Along with the benefit globalisation has some drawback as well. Business needs good corporate governance effective business ethics and appropriate organisational structure. All these factors push organisation objectives towards success.

Dreyers Vampyr Essay -- essays research papers fc

Vampyr doesn't play like a horror, or even a suspense film, though there are a few scenes of each. Instead it is a mystery, with information gradually given to the audience. The plot follows an aimless young man, a devotee of the occult, who visits an inn where numerous odd people are about. There is little talking as Dreyer is a visual story teller. Vampyr is the kind of film where dialogue like "the wounds have almost healed" and "why does the doctor only come at night" are given without explanation. We make sense of what is going on as he starts to piece together what is happening and who is causing it. Dreyer effectively establishes a mood by use of shadows of objects and people. The leading actor remains a cipher; if this was a book, it would be entirely in the passive voice. Things happen to the characters; they don't initiate actions (which on initial viewing seem unrelated). The film picks up when a man leaves a book in a room- "to be opened after my death." He is killed and the book is about vampires. Vampire mythology was less well known to audiences than now, and while a Hollywood film would have used dialogue to explain, Dreyer relies on exposition pages from the book. Dreyer frequently shows actions by shadows cast by the characters we already know. This fits with the film's style of indirection with plot by inference rather than by direct narrative. The film is filled with memorable images: a skull turning to watch; a shadow walking over to join its subject sitting in repose; point-of-view filming from inside a glass-topped coffin as the lid is nailed down and then carried out to the churchyard for burial. The story goes that the first few days of filming was damaged by a light leak in the camera, but Dreyer liked the effect so much that he had the rest of the film photographed to match. As a result, the image quality on this picture has never been as pristine as a film from the 1932 could look. Rudolph Mate was one of the finest cinematographers in Europe, and we can be sure that the photography looks exactly as Dreyer wanted it- the sense of a dimly remembered dream. Amidst the fogginess, shots of machinery in a mill are as sharp as a tack. Of special note is that the horror is created, in large part, by suggestion rather than a heavy sledgehammer approach, In the most famous sequence of the film, the man d... ...0 years ago. The film is not so horrific as it is lyrically creepy. There are so many famous images from "Vampyr" which are found in most film history books. I've seen many stills from this film and found that the movie is still full of other images which are just as striking as the famous shot of the vampire looking into the hero's coffin during a nightmare. The camera is rarely if ever stationary. There are many tracking shots which must have been an influence on Scorsese. People enter and leave the shot which may travel from outside and through several rooms of the house. All of this makes the movie fly by as there is little or no static in the movie. "Vampyr" challenges the conventions of movie making. It also challenges the viewer. The small indie film maker would do well to get this film and study it frame by frame. Many lessons on how to stretch the boundaries of the artform are on display. It is ironic that nearly 70 years later, not many filmmakers have achieved what Dreyer did with primitive technology. "Vampyr" is a groundbreaking work of art which should be on everyone's must see list. Works Cited: me, I. Belly busting. (London: 1994.) Dreyer's Vampyr Essay -- essays research papers fc Vampyr doesn't play like a horror, or even a suspense film, though there are a few scenes of each. Instead it is a mystery, with information gradually given to the audience. The plot follows an aimless young man, a devotee of the occult, who visits an inn where numerous odd people are about. There is little talking as Dreyer is a visual story teller. Vampyr is the kind of film where dialogue like "the wounds have almost healed" and "why does the doctor only come at night" are given without explanation. We make sense of what is going on as he starts to piece together what is happening and who is causing it. Dreyer effectively establishes a mood by use of shadows of objects and people. The leading actor remains a cipher; if this was a book, it would be entirely in the passive voice. Things happen to the characters; they don't initiate actions (which on initial viewing seem unrelated). The film picks up when a man leaves a book in a room- "to be opened after my death." He is killed and the book is about vampires. Vampire mythology was less well known to audiences than now, and while a Hollywood film would have used dialogue to explain, Dreyer relies on exposition pages from the book. Dreyer frequently shows actions by shadows cast by the characters we already know. This fits with the film's style of indirection with plot by inference rather than by direct narrative. The film is filled with memorable images: a skull turning to watch; a shadow walking over to join its subject sitting in repose; point-of-view filming from inside a glass-topped coffin as the lid is nailed down and then carried out to the churchyard for burial. The story goes that the first few days of filming was damaged by a light leak in the camera, but Dreyer liked the effect so much that he had the rest of the film photographed to match. As a result, the image quality on this picture has never been as pristine as a film from the 1932 could look. Rudolph Mate was one of the finest cinematographers in Europe, and we can be sure that the photography looks exactly as Dreyer wanted it- the sense of a dimly remembered dream. Amidst the fogginess, shots of machinery in a mill are as sharp as a tack. Of special note is that the horror is created, in large part, by suggestion rather than a heavy sledgehammer approach, In the most famous sequence of the film, the man d... ...0 years ago. The film is not so horrific as it is lyrically creepy. There are so many famous images from "Vampyr" which are found in most film history books. I've seen many stills from this film and found that the movie is still full of other images which are just as striking as the famous shot of the vampire looking into the hero's coffin during a nightmare. The camera is rarely if ever stationary. There are many tracking shots which must have been an influence on Scorsese. People enter and leave the shot which may travel from outside and through several rooms of the house. All of this makes the movie fly by as there is little or no static in the movie. "Vampyr" challenges the conventions of movie making. It also challenges the viewer. The small indie film maker would do well to get this film and study it frame by frame. Many lessons on how to stretch the boundaries of the artform are on display. It is ironic that nearly 70 years later, not many filmmakers have achieved what Dreyer did with primitive technology. "Vampyr" is a groundbreaking work of art which should be on everyone's must see list. Works Cited: me, I. Belly busting. (London: 1994.)

Ib Physics Lab Report

Explore Download 0CommentLinkEmbedof 6Readcast0 inShare Xavier Bourret-Sicotte Physics18/09/2007 Measuring the speed of sound In this experiment, we will measure the speed of sound. The apparatus consisted of a plastic tube filled with water linked to a water container. Thiscontainer could be displaced vertically in order to change the water level. We would thenmake a tuning fork vibrate above the pipe and change the water level until the resonance wasat maximum intensity. Hypothesis: The velocity of sound is 330 ms -1 , the relationship between velocity, frequencyand wavelength is represented by the formula v= ? , 1) Raw data presented Table 1 Table 1 shows the frequency of the different tuning forks and the length of air needed for maximum resonance. The error on the length was estimated to 0. 1 cm as we repeated eachexperiment several times. Note the error on the forks’ frequencies is a mere estimation as theyare accurately calibrated during manufacture. Frequency /HzLength /m 512. 00. 157480. 00. 169456. 10. 178426. 60. 192406. 40. 202384. 00. 215362. 00. 226341. 30. 243320. 00. 260304. 40. 270288. 00. 288271. 20. 308256. 00. 323Error +/- 0. 1error +/- 0. 001 2) Data analysis and interpretationDuring the experiment, we have created a fundamental standing wave between the surface of the water and the opening of the pipe. The distance measured represents ? of the completestanding wave therefore ? = measured length * 4-From the general formula v= , we find that velocity of sound in ms -1 for the first tuningfork experimented is v = 512 ? 0. 157 ? 4 = 321. 536-Calculating the error for velocity: ? v = ( / ? + / ? ) ? vFor the first tuning fork: ? v = (0. 001 / 0. 157+0. 1/512) ? 321. 536 ? v = 2. 1108 ms -1 ? v ? 2 ms -1 ? v ? 322 +/- 2 ms -1 To find the mean velocity we add all values of v and divide the sum by the number of values. A similar process was completed for the mean ? v. Results of all processed data are shown in table 2 Table 2 Frequency Hz -1 Length m -1 Velocity ms -1 ? velocity +/- ms -1 512. 00. 1573222480. 00. 1693242456. 10. 1783252426. 60. 1923282406. 40. 2023282384. 00. 2153302362. 00. 2263271341. 30. 2433321320. 00. 2603331304. 40. 2703291288. 00. 2883321271. 20. 3083341256. 00. 3233311error +/- 0. 1error +/- 0. 001 Mean velocity = (322+324+325+328†¦) / 13 ? 329Mean ? v = (2+2+2+2+2+2+1+1+1†¦)/13 ? +/- 2 ms -1 As v = , and ? = v / ? , let be constant of 330 ms -1 then ? ? 1/ ? By plotting the graph of Frequency over 1/ ? we obtain a straight line. The gradient of thisline represents the constant v and the y-intercept a systematic error. The situation is illustrated by graph 1 Graph 1 y = 313. 24x + 16. 736200. 0250. 0300. 0350. 0400. 0450. 0500. 0550. 00. 55 0. 75 0. 95 1. 15 1. 35 1. 55 1. 75 1/wavelength m-1 Note that if we add the y-intercept to the gradient we obtain the value of 329. 976 ms -1 for thespeed of sound. Moreover, the second best fit line (in red) illustrates the most extreme int erpretation of the Speed of Sound IB Physics HL Lab reportPhysics HL coursework 2008Grade 7 Download or Print Add To Collection 8. 4K READS 18 READCASTS 1 EMBED VIEWS Published by xb08 Follow Search TIP Press ? F to search anywhere in the document. Info and Rating Category:School Work > Essays & Theses Rating: Upload Date:09/20/2010 Copyright:Attribution Non-commercial Tags: Lab Reportspeed of soundib physics hl Free download as PDF File (. pdf), Word Doc (. doc), Text File (. txt) or read online for free. Flag document for inapproriate content Download and print this document Choose a format to download in .PDF. DOC. TXT Download More From This User 4 p. Eco Q1 V5 xb08 5 Reads 11 p. The Radio Report xb08 48 Reads 6 p. Palm Jumeirah project management report xb08 780 Reads Next Recommended 8 p. Speed of Sound Physics Lab Report hankschmidt 7472 Reads 7 p. Simple Pendulum Lab sagarchester 91725 Reads 9 p. Speed of Sound Lab Will Guo 1126 Reads Next Leave a Comment You must be logged in to leave a comment. Submit Characters: 400 About About Scribd Blog Join our team! Contact Us Premium Premium Reader Scribd Store Advertise with us Get started AdChoices Support Help FAQ Press Partners Publishers Developers / API Legal Terms Privacy Copyright  © Copyright 2012 Scribd Inc. Language:English